MISC
During Reconstruction, southern governments tried to improve economic conditions in the South by
NOT C. REDISTRIBUTING LAND.
NOT D. LOWERING TAXES
The primary reason why the southern economy did not profit fully from factories set up during Reconstruction
was that ___________________________.
NOT D. THERE WAS FIGHTING AMONG SOUTHERN LANDOWNERS GREW.
NOT C. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CONTROLLED THE DISTRIBUTION OF PROFITS.
By the end of the Reconstruction era, many Americans were forced to use their current year's profits to pay
for last year's debt. This phenomenon was known as the cycle of _________.
NOT A. BANKRUPTCY
The South saw its economy and employment change in all of the following ways, EXCEPT
NOT A. THE CYCLE OF DEBT WAS CREATED AMONG SHARECROPPERS.
All of the following led to the end of Reconstruction in the South EXCEPT:
NOT d. Democrats return to power
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
Match each item with the correct statement.
blocked many federal Reconstructino policies and reversed many new reforms
NOT democratic South. NOT VIOLENCE.
Among the failures of Reconstruction was the inability to
NOT D. stimulate economic growth in the South.
Congress reacted to Klan terror by passing
NOT A. Radical Reconstruction
As white southerners regained control of state governments, they began to
NOT B. compensate former slaves
Reconstruction succeeded in its goals of restoring the Union and helping to
NOT A. regulate the railroads.
As white southerners regained control of state governments, they began to
Not c. join the Republican Party.
raced across Indian Territory to stake land claims
NOT CHIEF JOSEPH
This Act of Congress was a failed attempt to make the individual Native Americans land owners by assigning
them small plots of land.
NOT A. HOMESTEAD ACT
The US government affected the societies of the Plains Indians by putting up fences and partitioning
the land, which
NOT A. RESTRICTED THE MOVEMENT OF BUFFALO HERDS.
Farmers' Alliances called for
NOT B. opening American markets to foreign crops.
NOT D. repealing the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
After gold was discovered in South Africa, Alaska, and the Canadian Yukon, the nation returned to
NOT D. a grange system.
All of the following were complaints by the farmers in the U.S. after the Civil War EXCEPT:
NOT C. the money issue
A ____________ was one of the changes lobbied for by the Alliance.
NOT INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT
The Populist Party
NOT D. failed to elect a single candidate to a national office.
Friday, January 14, 2011
Test Notes
TEST:
What was the verdict in President Johnson's impeachment trial?
c. He escaped conviction by one vote
The Fourteenth Amendment was part of a series of laws that
b. ensured the civil rights of African Americans.
Which amendment gave voting rights to black men?
c. 15th
What did southerners call southern white republicans who supported congressional reconstruction?
a. scalawags
Southern state governments restricted the rights of former slaves by
a. passing black codes
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
After President Johnson tried to fire his Secretary of War, the House of Representatives voted to ___ him.
impeach
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
personal liberties guaranteed by law
civil rights
The constitutional Amendment directly led to the first African American elected to the U.S. Senate
c. 15th amendment
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
legislation stating that all the persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens and no state could restrict their rights
Fourteenth Amendment
In 1870, thanks to the Fifteenth Amendment, southern black men
a. voted for the first time.
Which of these was an important provision of the Radical Republican' Reconstruction Act of 1867?
d. It put the South under military rule.
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
guaranteed that all people born or naturalized in the United States were citizens and that no state could restrict their rights
Fourteenth Amendment
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
With the ratification of the ___, African American males gained the right to vote.
Fifteenth Amendment
The Radical Republicans passed a series of laws designed to
NOT A (reestablish slavery in a different form.) OR B (unfairly tax the South.).
When Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act, he was
d. impeached by the House.
Under Johnson's Reconstruction plan, white southerners began to enact laws that
d. gave whites power over African Americans.
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
unflattering name for white southern Republican
scalawag
After reconstruction, one major change in agriculture was ______________.
b. the rise of merchants
Between 1860 and 1890 the steel, lumber, tobacco, and textile industries in the south ______.
a. stayed about the same as before this period.
Reconstruction succeeded in rebuilding many of the South's
c. railroads.
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
a system of farming in which farmers paid to rent land
tenant farming
About one-half of _______ were destroyed in the south during the Civil War.
c. farm implements and livestock
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
farmer who grows a crop on someone else's land and gives the landowner part of the annual yield sharecropper
Southern cities were equivalent to Northern cities with regards to their infrastructure and wealth.
FALSE
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
A _____ rents the land on which he or she grows crops.
tenant farmer
One of the methods of farming in the South after the war involved renting land from a big land owner thereby paying all of the expenses and also reaping any profits, this was called:
b. tenant farming
Most of the South's postwar industrial growth came from
a. cotton mills.
Even though the industry grew in the South after the Civil War, most of it supplied raw materials to Northern manufacturers.
TRUE
The Plantation slave system was replaced by small farms owned by African Americans who proved to be quite prosperous and independent, while many freed slaves moved to the city.
FALSE
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
A ____ grows a crop on a land owned by someone else and gives the landowner part of the annual yield.
sharecropper
Much corruption was involved in the rebuilding of the South's roads, railroads, cities, and canals. These physical elements of a society are specifically called its:
d. infrastructure
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
the public property and services that a society uses
infrastructure
This law was passed in 1875 prohibiting segregation in public facilities. Name the law.
a. The Civil Rights Bill of 1875
In the West, the combination of big business and new agricultural techniques resulted in
c. bonanza farms
After Rutherford B. Hayes became President in 1877, he
b. removed federal troops from the South.
The main goal of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction was to
a. prevent African Americans from exercising their rights.
A major failure of Reconstruction was that
c. racist attitudes continued in the North and South.
The Supreme Courts limitations on post-Civil War amendments severely hurt the civil rights intended to protect African Americans.
TRUE
designed to allow Americans of all races voting rights
Enforcement Act of 1870
removed federal troops from southern states
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 helped Democrats regain
a. control of southern politics.
By the end of Reconstruction it could be argued that with the exception of freedom of movement, the status of blacks had changed little in the South.
TRUE
farmer who grows a crop on someone else's land and gives the landowner part of the annual yield
TENANT FARMER
The Fourteenth Amendment was part of a series of laws that
b. ensured the civil rights of African Americans
About one-half of ______ were destroyed in the south during the Civil War.
c. farm implements and livestock
What was not only a popular method of administering justice, but also a form of entertainment?
b. lynching
to charge a government official with wrongdoing in office
IMPEACH
The ____ stated that everyone born or naturalized in the United States was a citizen and was entitled to equal protection of the law.
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
According to the cartoon, who does the KKK want to run the government?
white men
These trailblazers drew a picture of the American West as a land of promise, a paradise of plenty, filled with fertile valleys and rich land. During the 1840s, tens of thousands of Americans began the process of settling the West beyond the Mississippi River. The trailblazers included all EXCEPT:
c. businessmen
All of the following are reasons for westward expansion EXCEPT:
b. farming tobacco
All of the following led to the defeat of the Plains Indians EXCEPT:
c. the battle of Little Big Horn
Which of the following was a cause of conflict between Native Americans and the United States government?
a. Native Americans wanted to maintain their traditional culture.
b. Native Americans had violent conflicts with white settlers.
c. The United States wanted to use the land for while settlers.
d. All of the above.
CORRECT ANSWER IS D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which act of Congress divided up tribal lands into 65 hectare parcels to be given to the head of each family?
d. The Dawes Act
What "white" technology limited the movement of buffalo and interfered with the Plains Indians traditional way of life?
b. Fences
The United States government encouraged attempts to
c. take Native American lands.
Many agreements between Native Americans and the federal government fell apart because
a. Native Americans and settlers had differing concepts of land ownership.
Many white reformers believed that Native Americans should
d. be "civilized" and adopt white culture.
What happened at the Massacre at Wounded Knee?
a. American soldiers killed more than 200 unarmed Sioux.
The US government's treaties were just ways of moving the Native Americans around so that it and its interests could exploit the Indians land and resources.
TRUE
Conflicts arose between the US government and the Plains Indians because the Indians wanted to live on reservation land and farm.
FALSE
In the 1860s a cow could be bought for three to five dollars in Texas and sold in Dodge City, Kansas for ______ dollars.
C. $30-50
Farm merchanization resulted in
A. an increase in farm production.
Which one of the following did the Populists support?
B. a progressive income tax
What law allowed the use of silver as part of the national monetary policy?
A. Bland-Allison Act
William Jennings Bryan lost the election of 1896 because he could not
D. carry the urban and industrial centers.
Farmers were concerned about _____________ and the money supply.
A. deflation
This was a major weapon used against labor unions by the government. Name the weapon.
B. injunctions
Why did the institution of slavery develop in Africa?
B. slaves were valued as goods to be sold and traded
Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government was
C. a loose alliance of states
Southern States adopted the northern system of
A. cash-crop agriculture
What was a negative impact of "bonanza" farms?
D. oversupply led to lower prices
The bimetallic standard reders to
c. the currency (gold and silver) used by the United States until 1873.
The idea of a progressive income tax, which is still a standard taxing policy U.S. today, was aggressively sought by the Populist Party.
TRUE
Many of the reform ideas of the Populist Party would be embraced by other parties in American politics.
TRUE
The Bland-Allison Act required the federal government to coin more silver, which would increase the money supply and help farmers increase their profits.
TRUE
In their platform, the Populists included provisions for
a. free silver, a progressive income tax, and an eight-hour day.
The Interstate Commerce Act was passed to
c. regulate railroad rates and practices.
ran as the Democratic and Populist Party nominee in the presidential election of 1896
William Jennings Bryan
The government responded to the cries of the farming community by instating the Interstate Commerce Act in order to avoid unionization and retain federal control of land.
FALSE
Farmers favored inflation because it would
a. increase crop prices
In William Jennings Bryan's famous speech, "The Cross of Gold", he called for
a. a nation free from the bondage of the gold standard.
The policy of free silver, the unlimited coining of silver dollars, was
c. Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
helped farmers form cooperatives
the Grange
Bankers supported deflation because this policy would
c. increase the value of money.
Quite a bit of land resulting from this Act was purchased by land speculators
b. Morril-Land Grand Act
Which statement best describes the lifestyle of homesteaders?
d. Homesteaders often had to struggle even for the necessities.
All of the following contributed to the decline in farming at the end of the nineteenth century EXCEPT:
a. low interest rates
Custer's cavalry was wiped out at the ____.
inventor who developed a new way to make steel
Henry Bessemer
The Transcontinental Railroads run from ____ to ____. I. North II. South III. East IV. West
c. III and IV
Railroad shipping rates _______.
c. favored larger shippers.
One of the major advances in railroad transportation was _______.
a. electric engines
Name the process that transformed iron into steel.
b. the Bessemer converter
Edwin Drake struck oil in what US state?
c. Pennsylvania
inventor who established the American Telephone and Telegraph Company
Thomas A. Edison
When building the Transcontinental Railroad the Union Pacific Railroad started in the ______
d. East
license to make, use, or sell an invention
patent
improved the process of making steel
Bessemer process
a railroad extending from coast to coast
transcontinental railroad
The invention of electricity and its development helped business and industry but had little effect on individuals and their private and social lives.
FALSE
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse both worked wonders with
d. electricity
inventor who patented the telegraph
Samuel F. B. Morse
This person's name is synonymous with electricity because of his development of and inventions for its use.
d. Edison
Which of the following made possible the American industrial growth of the late 1800s?
b. technological advances
inventor who established the American Telephone and Telegraph Company
Alexander Graham Bell
Tammany Hall was a
d. political machine.
During this period in America, middle-class salaries were about twice that of the average factory worker.
TRUE
Whose nine-story skyscraper in Chicago revolutionized big city downtown landscapes?
b. William Jenney
tall steel frame buildings
skyscrapers
Which political cartoonist, from Harper's weekly, helped bring down New York City's "boss" Tweed?
a. Thomas Nast
This product allowed for the buildings in American cities to be built higher in the late 1800s.
c. steel
The political machines of the large cities determined what type of projects would be funded by tax dollars and for the most part they were honest organizations.
FALSE
America's industrialization not only made some people wealthy; it also helped create a growing
b. middle class
Political machines provided new city dwellers with necessities such as jobs, housing, and police protection in exchange for
c. votes
Only in power the political machines dominated daily life in the cities that they controlled and they held the purse strings for all technological contracts.
TRUE
Most people who lived in "street suburbs" were
b. middle class
William M. Tweed was
d. a corrupt party boss in a political machine.
What was the famous New York Democratic political machine called?
a. Tammany Hall
Tin played an important role in the skyscraper boom.
FALSE
belief that a person could rise in society, and go as far as their talents and commitment would take them
individualism
wrote "rags-to-riches" novels
Horatio Alger
According to the article, the _____ was the most popular ride at Coney Island?
a. whirl-the-whirl
realistic writer who wrote The Age of Innocence, a stark portrait of upper-class New York society
Edith Wharton
During the "Gilded Age", states passed what kinds of laws to prohibit most forms of business operating on Sunday?
b. blue laws
The idea of philosopher Herbert Spencer and others applied Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection to human society and was called
a. Social Darwinism.
Just as Darwin had looked at the natural world scientifically, a new movement in art and literature moved away from romanticism and was called
b. realism.
wrote the first truly American novel
Mark Twain
won the Pulitzer prize for the novel The Age of Innocence, a stark portrait of upper-class New York society in the 1870s
Edith Wharton
One aspect of industrialization was a shorter work day resulting in more leisure time for people.
TRUE
The first salaried baseball team was the
b. Cincinnati Red Stockings.
"The Trip to the Moon, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, the chutes, the scenic railway, and the other features of Luna Park were all patronized. A new feature, known as the whirl-the-whirl, proved to be a money coiner....Police Commissioner McAdoo...[said] that the new Coney Island was clean, moral, and magnificent." --from a New York Times article
Which of the following best explains how New Yorkers might have felt about Coney Island as it is described in this excerpt from the New York Times article?
c. This was a place to escape from reality.
By calling their era the Gilded Age, Mark Twain and Charles Warner were sounding
c. an alarm that beneath the surface lay corruption.
Charles Darwin's concept relating to the survival of the fittest as applied to business was called Social Darwinism and promoted competition to be the best.
TRUE
_____ was the philosophy that wealthy Americans bore the responsibility of using their great fortunes to further social progress.
b. Gospel of Wealth
revivalist who believed the way to help the poor was by redeeming their souls and reforming their character
Dwight L. Moody
"That morning's experience was a baptism of fire. Deserted were the laboratory and the academic work of the college. I never returned to them....it seemed certain that conditions such as these were allowed because people did not know, and for me there was a challenge to know and to tell...."--from The House on Henry Street
According to the excerpt, conditions such as those described existed because
c. people did not understand the reality of living poverty.
Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a novel that depicted ideas opposite of Social Darwinism and laissez-faire, and so were essentially a form of
a. socialism.
The opening of private women's colleges such as Vassar, Wellesley, and Smith and of women's colleges on the campuses of Harvard and Columbia Universities served to increase the number of women attending college.
TRUE
All of the following were early twentieth century reforms by many states to help the poor EXCEPT:
b. social security
Rural areas were ahead of cities in the rush to fund education.
FALSE
Lester Frank War argued in his book Dynamic Sociology that government could regulate the economy, cure poverty, and promote education much more efficiently than could competition in the marketplace.
TRUE
published a book describing a perfect society in 2000
Edward Bellamy
From about 1870 until 1920, reformers worked to better conditions in cities according to biblical ideals of charity and justice in the
c. Social Gospel movement
the idea that people succeed in the world not because of their ability to compete, but because of their ability to cooperate
Reform Darwinism
Social critics in the late 1800s saw a large gap between the rich and poor and attacked the concept of Social Darwinism.
TRUE
His book, Progress and Poverty, was an attack on the wealthy as undermining the democratic principles of the country.
b. Henry George
"The gulf between the employed and the employer is growing wider; social contrasts are becoming sharper; as liveried carriages appear, so do barefoot children."--from Progress and Poverty
What is the meaning of this excerpt?
c. Employers make too much money and workers do not
Baptist minister and leader in the Social Gospel movement
Walter Rauschenbusch
Dwight L. Moody's preaching and Ira Sankey's hymns drew thousands of people to revival meetings in the 1870s and 1880s.
FALSE
According to naturalists, leaving society and the economy unregulated did not always lead to the best results.
TRUE
Populists argued that currency should also be backed by ________, to increase the money supply.
b. silver
The Populist party supported all of the following EXCEPT:
c. a protective tariff
The 1893 economic depression was triggered by the failure of one of the country's leading railroad companies.
TRUE
Farmers wanted the government to back paper money with silver, instead of gold, because it would put more money in circulation, thereby _____________.
a. reducing the value of the dollar and enabling them to pay off debts more easily.
Failing prices for farm crops was the major factor that caused hardships for farmers during the late 1800s.
TRUE
The power of the Populist Party ended with their defeat in the 1896 election.
TRUE
Gold versus silver was the major economic issue of the election of 1896.
TRUE
The National Grange's main goal was to force states to regulate railroad freight and grain-storage rates.
TRUE
Because of the rapidly growing urban population and the surge in industrialization, farmers found a ready market for their produce and prospered.
FALSE
The Farmers' Alliance
a. lobbied for a graduated income tax.
A ______________ was one of the changes lobbied for by the Alliance.
graduated income tax
This act prohibited railroads from giving refunds to large shippers.
Interstate Commerce Act
The first major farmers' organization was the _________________.
National Grange
The ________________, which included Alliance members, farmers, labor leaders, and reformers, called for a graduated income tax, bank regulation, and government ownership of railroad and telegraph companies.
Populist Party
supported public libraries, believing that access to knowledge was the key to getting ahead in life
Andrew Carnegie
established in poor neighborhoods where middle-class residents lived and helped the poor residents
settlement houses
early advocate of the Social Gospel
Washington Gladden
Social Darwinism resulted in large companies merging, all of which stopped with the passage of which act in 1890?
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
What was the famous New York Democratic political machine called?
Tammany Hall
The Populist Party lost its influence and faded from the national scene because
c. farmers' economic situations improved and they lost interest in the party.
United State universities established in the late nineteenth century were modeled after schools found in which European country?
b. Germany
Which phrase best summarizes what women and African Americans experienced when they sought to attend college in the late 1800s?
a. a real struggle
What did W.E.B. Du Bois encourage students to seek in school?
b. higher education
Public schools played an important role in
b. helping immigrant children assimilate.
the ability to read and write
literacy
The Niagara Movement called for
c. full civil liberties for African Americans.
Public schools in America during the late 1800s wanted immigrants to adopt American values, this is called:
d. assimilation
This African American leader believed that training in trades and learning a skill was the way of improvement.
a. Booker T. Washington
The major focus of public schools in the late 1800s was the literacy, the process of trying to make everyone similar.
FALSE
By 1910, nearly 60 percent of American children were in school because
d. many states required school attendance by law.
People who give donations to a worthy cause are known as _____.
philanthropists
During the early 1900s, most African Americans who went to college attended
b. African American colleges
Why did parents pressure local governments to reform public schools?
b. to extend their children's knowledge beyond the basic skills
African American leaders like Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois favored education as a way of improving social and economic status and escaping poverty.
TRUE
What was America's first modern amusement park?
c. Coney Island
The American Dream of Rising From "rags to riches" was reflected in
c. Horatio Alger's Ragged Dick stories.
Which became the most popular American sport during the late 1800s?
b. baseball
term used to describe "sensational" new coverage
yellow journalism
a type of inexpensive variety show that became popular in the 1870s
vaudeville
A popular form of entertainment at the turn of the twentieth century was ______.
c. playing musical instruments at home.
What caused newspaper publishers to encourages "sensational" reporting?
a. competition for readers
Which of the following were popular forms of entertainment in the late 1800s?
a. vaudeville
b. moving pictures
c. trolley parks.
d. all of the above
ANSWER IS D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which form of music is largely attributed to the varying cultures in and around New Orleans and has its origins linked to old funeral marches?
d. jazz
This new form of entertainment was demeaning to African Americans because the performers colored their faces black.
c. minstrel shows
Which sport was the most popular at the end of the century?
c. baseball
A new form of entertainment at the turn of the 20th century was a series of performances with a variety of acts called:
c. vaudeville
_____ attracted readers by presenting "sensational" news stories.
yellow journalism
musical style that originated among African Americans musicians in the South and Midwest in the 1880s
ragtime
According to the lecture, which of the following was NOT characteristic of early movies?
c. Each town showed one movie per week.
Madam C. J. Walker is remembered for
c. overcoming discrimination to become a self-made millionaire.
Who co-founded the NAACP and believed that the only way to defeat segregation was through agitation?
Dubois
the murder of an accused person by a mob without lawful trial
lynching
fee that some southern states demanded before a person could vote
poll tax
Which of the following provided self-help guidance for African Americans?
c. the National Negro Business League
What was one result of northern whites' fears of racial equality?
a. race riots
At the end of the nineteenth century insulting a white person in the south could get a black person ______.
b. lynched
The act of lynching might best be described as
a. seizure and execution of a person by a mob.
The NAACP was largely supported by which industrialist?
c. Andrew Carnegie
A system of laws called ____ legally segregated and degraded African Americans.
Jim Crow
The discriminatory fee was required to vote in some states after Reconstruction and had a significant effect on African Americans..
d. poll tax
Financially successful African Americans in the South potentially face ___________.
a. lynching
laws that exempted men from voting restrictions
grandfather clause
Jim Crow laws were passed by many states after Reconstruction to separate or segregate blacks and whites.
TRUE
African Americans enjoyed a bit of renaissance during the early 1900s by forming business groups and opening new businesses.
TRUE
Which of the following is an example of "separate but equal"?
c. The creation of separate waiting rooms at the train station for whites and coloreds.
All of the following reasons supported denying women the rights to vote EXCEPT:
d. women were not intelligent enough
All of the following states allowed women to vote before 1900 EXCEPT:
a. Arizona
a post office service extended to farmers in 1896
rural free delivery
As women began to make their way into professional jobs, they worked mainly in
b. education, health care, and social work.
Which of the following was not an issue for women in the late 1800s?
b. the right to raise children
During the late 1800s, women from which of these groups were most likely to work outside the home?
d. young single women
Participation in volunteer organizations helped many women
a. take their first steps toward public life.
The "new woman" of the early 1900s promoted the idea that women should
a. adopt more convenient hair and dress styles.
Why did middle-class women join volunteer organizations after the Civil War?
b. need for intellectual and social stimulation
Farm families gained greater access to what cities had to offer through _____.
mail-order catalogs
printed materials selling goods by mail
mail-order catalogs
Which of the following helped reduce the time needed to do housework?
a. technological advances
Which best describes the popular amusements of the late 1800s?
c. They were inexpensive and readily available to large numbers of people.
In The Bitter Cry of the Children, author John Spargo reported that
b. few child laborers had ever attended school.
The American Federation of Labor
a. refused to accept unskilled laborers as members.
leader of the American Federation of labor
Samuel Gompers
More than 140 workers died in a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911.
TRUE
The Industrial Workers of the World
a. sought to end capitalism.
Most members of labor unions
c. wanted to preserve the capitalist system but make changes to it.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire was made worse because
c. the fire doors were kept locked, blocking escape.
a workplace where all employees are required to belong to a union
closed shop
Progressives and labor union activists worked to
a. pass new laws to prohibit or limit child labor.
a workplace where employees may choose whether or not to belong to a union
open shop
She informed the press of a lack of enforcement of workplace safety laws that led to reform and actual enforcement.
c. Rose Schneiderman
In spite of the many deaths and the horror of how the women died, the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire received little news coverage.
FALSE
The American Federation of Labor believed it was necessary to replace the capitalist system with socialism.
FALSE
During World War I, the U.S. Navy refused to ban the consumption of alcohol despite pressure from prohibitions at home.
FALSE
a writer who published Following the Color Line, a book about lynching
Ray Stannard Baker
All of the following were fears regarding immigrants after WWI EXCEPT:
a. immigrants would overrun universities
Progressives were most concerned about the plight of the poor and the discrimination faced by African Americans.
FALSE
organization dedicated to ending racial discrimination
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
a leading architect and city planner of the early 1900s
Daniel Burnham
influential African American leader
W.E.B. Du Bois
an ex-baseballplayer who became a Presbyterian minister and supported prohibition
Billy Sunday
leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union who built it into a strong national force
Frances Willard
Some progressives
d. expressed open prejudice against African Americans and American Indians.
Which amendment was passed by Congress in 1917 that made prohibition law?
d. Eighteenth Amendment
Reformers pushed for passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, arguing that
c. alcohol caused crime and broke up families.
Women who worked for suffrage won the vote by
b. persuading both men and women that the issue was important.
In the presidential election of 1912 Wilson
c. campaigned on a platform of tariff reduction and banking reform.
Which act of Congress passed in 1916 and supported by Wilson was an attempt to help farmers?
b. The Farm Loan Act
The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created
a. stability in financial systems.
Woodrow Wilson was elected in 1912 on a platform that called for
d. tariff reduction, banking reform, and antitrust legislation.
The Adamson Act, passed in 1916, was a bill
d. reducing the railroad workers' workday from 10 to 8 hours with no loss of pay.
The Underwood Tariff Act of 1913
a. reduced tariffs and introduced a graduated income tax.
What did the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act do?
d. outlawed the interstate sale of goods produced using child labor
The Federal Trade Commission was created during the Wilson years to protect consumers (against false advertisement among other things).
TRUE
Women won the right to vote in state elections in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania in 1915.
FALSE
This Act of Congress passed during the Wilson years helped agricultural interests to borrow money.
c. Federal Farm Loan Act
The Adamson Act mandated an eight hour workday for railroad workers.
TRUE
A very successful practice favored labor unions during the early 1900s was their ability to dictate to management who could be hired, this was called:
b. the closed shop
the Hawaiian queen who wanted to restore Hawaii's independence
Liliuokalani
Which rebellion in China fought against westernization in 1900?
b. The Boxer Rebellion
_____________ is the first westerner to have a positive relationship with Japan and open up dialogue about trade with the United States.
Matthew Perry
Which statement below is an accurate summary of Henry Cabot Lodge's reasons for imperialism?
c. The United States could use imperialism to expand its influence and power
Japan's victories over two countries, around the turn of the twentieth century, sealed its place as a world power. What two countries did it control?
d. Russia and China
took the position that the United States should establish naval bases outside the country
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge supported imperialism in the U.S. foreign policy.
TRUE
All Hawaiian natives approved of the U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898.
FALSE
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani was deposed as a result of collusion on the part of U.S. agricultural interests and Hawaiians who saw personal financial gain.
TRUE
America had a two-fold imperialistic interest in Hawaii, one was using it as a base for Asian interests and the other was to develop this industry.
b. sugar
Another name for the Hawaiian Islands.
Sandwich Islands
Matthew Perry convinced Japanese leaders to agree to foreign trade with the United States. Japan quickly industrialized, building up its army and navy to ensure future defense and independence.
TRUE
The slogan "Hawaii for the Hawaiians" was championed by Secretary of State John Hay.
FALSE
regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over the mines, railroads, and trade in another country's territory
spheres of influence
When Queen Liliuokalani announced plans to publish a new Hawaiian constitution, which would give more power to native Hawaiians,
c. supporters of annexation set up a separate government.
Who was the leader of the Mexican Revolution?
a. Emilio Zapata
In August of 1915, a commission representing eight Latin American countries and the United States recognized ________ as the lawful authority in Mexico.
a. Carranza
All of the following were presidents during the Mexican Revolution except:
d. Zapata
Which of the following circumstances surrounding U.S. occupation in Mexico proved harmful to political relations?
a. increased death and destruction
Which individual took power of the Mexican government, after Diaz was removed from power?
b. Madero
During the Mexican Revolution U.S. troops under the leadership of General Pershing invaded deep into Northern Mexico.
TRUE
The 1917 Mexican Constitution was named for this Mexican President.
c Carranza
Pancho Villa was a well-known
d. revolutionary.
When Carranzo came to power, he wanted to unite the Mexican people, and
c. establish a constitution.
General John Pershing captured Pancho Villa in Mexico.
FALSE
Victoriano Huerta
c. was a Mexican general who seized power and imprisoned President Madero.
The Open Door policy was embraced and welcomed by both the Chinese government and its people.
FALSE
Which of the following would be considered exemplary of Carranzo's progressive reforms?
a. 8-hour work day
During the Boxer Rebellion
b. rebels laid to siege to the walled-in foreign settlement in Beijing.
regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over the mines, railroads, and trade in another country's territory
spheres of influence
The United States decided to enter the war in response to
c. the Czar's growing support in Russia.
Americans thought German submarine warfare was
c. uncivilized.
Germany's promise that its U-boats would warn ships before attacking
Sussex pledge
Which political groups replaced the czar's monarchy during the Russian Revolution?
b. Bolsheviks
Which of the following was a major factor in the decision of the United States' to enter World War I?
b. Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare
This pledge was a promise by the German government to stop sinking non-military merchant marine and passenger ships, it was ultimately rescinded.
b. Sussex
The United States broke off diplomatic relations with Germany when
b. Germany violated the Sussex pledge.
What did the Sussex Pledge state?
a. German U-boats would avoid attacking passenger ships.
The German U-boats changed the rules of naval warfare because it
b. remained hidden and fired without warning.
The Russian Revolution gave Germany the incentive to accelerate the war and indirectly led to the entry of the United States.
TRUE
In the _____, Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico.
Zimmermann note
Because Czar Nicolas II held absolute power in Russia and rarely considered the needs of his people, he is considered a(n)______________.
a. autocrat
organized killing of an entire people
genocide
Which statement correctly describes the changes in Europe caused by World War I?
d. The map of Europe had changed significantly because many nations' borders had changed.
The influx of American forces led the Austro-Hungarian Empire to ask for peace, Turkey and Bulgaria to stop fighting, and Germany to request _______. The American presence had turned the tide in favor of the Allies.
a. an armistice.
cease-fire between opponents in a war
armistice
A major turning point of the war was _________________.
c. The United States liberation of Paris
In 1918, Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the leader of the French army, assumed command of the allied forces. Foch's troops, aided by _______ American soldiers, launched a furious counteroffensive that pushed German forces away from Paris back to the Belgian border.
c. 85000
The death toll from World War I was
c. extraordinarily high.
What was the purpose of the convoy system?
c. to transport troops safely across the Atlantic
African Americans fighting in World War I were used mostly
a. for manual labor.
a group of unarmed ships surrounded by armed ships
convoy
within eighteen months of declaring war, the United States had deployed how many troops to France?
d. 1750000
The Selective Service Act was very popular, it included all young men above a certain age, it allowed the men to select the branch of the military in which they would serve.
FALSE
The Selective Service Act was a means of
c. drafting young men for the military forces.
Who was the first female to fly across the Atlantic ocean in 1928?
c. Amelia Earhart
One of the most exciting heroes of this era was the baseball star
a. Babe Ruth.
Spanish-speaking neighborhood
barrio
Which particular ethnic group moved in large numbers from rural to urban areas during the first two decades of the 20th century?
b. Blacks
At first, some women did not exercise their newly won right to vote because
a. they did not feel comfortable voting.
b. they could not leave their children to go to the polls.
c. their families discouraged them from voting.
d. all of the above.
ANSWER IS D. ALL OF THE ABOVE.
In 1920 women were given the right to vote and they showed up in large numbers especially in the big cities at the polls and affected changes that benefited them.
FALSE
One major demographic shift of the 1920s was the movement of
a. large numbers of Americans to the suburbs.
Flappers danced the Charleston, a new dance that embodied the spirit of
b. the Jazz Age.
African Americans moved to the North in the 1920s because
a. jobs in the South were scarce and low-paying.
b. many southern factories refused to hire them.
c. many jobs opened up for them in the North.
d. all of the above.
ANSWER IS D. ALL OF THE ABOVE.
How did life change for American women in the 1920s?
a. Many women felt freer to experiment with bolder styles and manners.
Hispanic communities called this were established where Spanish speaking people lived in the West.
d. barrios
In Charles Lindbergh and other heroes, Americans recognized
a. a hunger for fame.
_____ became a national hero after flying nonstop from New York to Paris.
Charles Lindbergh
statistics describing populations
demographics
Spanish-speaking neighborhood
barrio
case about the teaching of evolution in schools
Scopes trial
Jamaican-born leader of movement promoting African American pride
Marcus Garvey
set of religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation of the Bible
fundamentalism
Prohibition failed because of all of the following EXCEPT:
b. violators were investigated by the Justice department.
The KKK's growth after WWI occured for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
a. many immigrants joined the organization
What did Marcus Garvey urge African Americans to do?
a. return to Africa
Marcus Garvey led a movement to
b. build up African American self-respect and economic power.
Which of the following was a long-term effect of Prohibition?
b. the growth of organized crime
a bar that operated illegally
speakeasy
William Jennings Bryan took up the cause of fundamentalist Christians
c. at the Scopes trial.
set of beliefs held by religious traditionalists
fundamentalism
supporter of free speech in the Scopes trial
Clarence Darrow
In the 1920s, fundamentalists gained attention for their belief in
c. a literal interpretation of the Bible.
During the 1920s this African American man called for a back to Africa movement.
b. Marcus Garvey
The passage of the Fordney-McCumber Tariff, which raised import taxes to very high levels,
b. hurt both U.S. industry and European nations that had to pay back war debts.
a numerical limit
quota
"The business of the American people is business," observed _____, President from 1923 to 1927.
Calvin Coolidge
Immigrants whose murder convictions provoked controversy
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
In the _____, 15 nations pledged not to threaten each other with war in their joint dealings.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
The main opponent of prohibitionist Herbert Hoover in the 1928 presidential election was
c. Alfred E. Smith
Presidents Harding and Coolidge had a foreign policy that embraced disarment and:
c. isolation
Many Americans believed that Sacco and Vanzetti were executed because they were
d. immigrants with radical beliefs during the Red Scare.
Teapot Dome was a successful government project that displayed the Harding administration policy of laissez faire government.
FALSE
The action by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer further led to a fear that radical political elements were set to disrupt American society.
d. raids
the policy of avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries
isolationism
The National Origins Act of 1924 reduced the number of people who could
a. enter the United States
Calvin Coolidge supported _____ business policy.
laissez faire
Many American newspapers fanned the flame of fear of communism which resulted in a "Red Scare" and often associated it with labor organizations.
TRUE
The Red Scare was a response to
c. the Russian Revolution.
Which group of Americans were largely left out of the prosperity of the 1920s?
b. the farmers
During the 1920s, the government gave private business all of the following EXCEPT:
a. A favorable tariff policy for agriculture
The economy grew in the 1920s as consumers
d. began to buy goods on credit.
Which of the following is an example of people bypassed by the industrial boom?
a. Rural farmers
The increase in automobile led to the rise of new businesses such as
c. motels and gas stations.
Businessman and inventor who developed and mass-produced automobiles
Henry Ford
Ford's success came partly from
b. vertical consolidation.
The _____ made it possible for Henry Ford to produce cars quickly and cheaply.
assembly line
A consumer economy is one that depends on a large amount of
b. spending.
How did installment plans affect the American economy in the 1920s?
c. They fuled the growth of the consumer economy.
Which was a result of the boom in the automobile industry?
b. New roads were built.
Though relatively few in number, flappers represented
b. women's desire to break with the past.
Many Americans believed that Communists were behind the
a. labor strikes of 1919.
CRITICAL THINKING:
Determining Relevance Identify and describe the importance of one major piece of Reconstruction legislation.
Thirteenth Amendment
What was the verdict in President Johnson's impeachment trial?
c. He escaped conviction by one vote
The Fourteenth Amendment was part of a series of laws that
b. ensured the civil rights of African Americans.
Which amendment gave voting rights to black men?
c. 15th
What did southerners call southern white republicans who supported congressional reconstruction?
a. scalawags
Southern state governments restricted the rights of former slaves by
a. passing black codes
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
After President Johnson tried to fire his Secretary of War, the House of Representatives voted to ___ him.
impeach
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
personal liberties guaranteed by law
civil rights
The constitutional Amendment directly led to the first African American elected to the U.S. Senate
c. 15th amendment
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
legislation stating that all the persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens and no state could restrict their rights
Fourteenth Amendment
In 1870, thanks to the Fifteenth Amendment, southern black men
a. voted for the first time.
Which of these was an important provision of the Radical Republican' Reconstruction Act of 1867?
d. It put the South under military rule.
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
guaranteed that all people born or naturalized in the United States were citizens and that no state could restrict their rights
Fourteenth Amendment
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
With the ratification of the ___, African American males gained the right to vote.
Fifteenth Amendment
The Radical Republicans passed a series of laws designed to
NOT A (reestablish slavery in a different form.) OR B (unfairly tax the South.).
When Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act, he was
d. impeached by the House.
Under Johnson's Reconstruction plan, white southerners began to enact laws that
d. gave whites power over African Americans.
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
unflattering name for white southern Republican
scalawag
After reconstruction, one major change in agriculture was ______________.
b. the rise of merchants
Between 1860 and 1890 the steel, lumber, tobacco, and textile industries in the south ______.
a. stayed about the same as before this period.
Reconstruction succeeded in rebuilding many of the South's
c. railroads.
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
a system of farming in which farmers paid to rent land
tenant farming
About one-half of _______ were destroyed in the south during the Civil War.
c. farm implements and livestock
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
farmer who grows a crop on someone else's land and gives the landowner part of the annual yield sharecropper
Southern cities were equivalent to Northern cities with regards to their infrastructure and wealth.
FALSE
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
A _____ rents the land on which he or she grows crops.
tenant farmer
One of the methods of farming in the South after the war involved renting land from a big land owner thereby paying all of the expenses and also reaping any profits, this was called:
b. tenant farming
Most of the South's postwar industrial growth came from
a. cotton mills.
Even though the industry grew in the South after the Civil War, most of it supplied raw materials to Northern manufacturers.
TRUE
The Plantation slave system was replaced by small farms owned by African Americans who proved to be quite prosperous and independent, while many freed slaves moved to the city.
FALSE
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
A ____ grows a crop on a land owned by someone else and gives the landowner part of the annual yield.
sharecropper
Much corruption was involved in the rebuilding of the South's roads, railroads, cities, and canals. These physical elements of a society are specifically called its:
d. infrastructure
Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
the public property and services that a society uses
infrastructure
This law was passed in 1875 prohibiting segregation in public facilities. Name the law.
a. The Civil Rights Bill of 1875
In the West, the combination of big business and new agricultural techniques resulted in
c. bonanza farms
After Rutherford B. Hayes became President in 1877, he
b. removed federal troops from the South.
The main goal of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction was to
a. prevent African Americans from exercising their rights.
A major failure of Reconstruction was that
c. racist attitudes continued in the North and South.
The Supreme Courts limitations on post-Civil War amendments severely hurt the civil rights intended to protect African Americans.
TRUE
designed to allow Americans of all races voting rights
Enforcement Act of 1870
removed federal troops from southern states
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 helped Democrats regain
a. control of southern politics.
By the end of Reconstruction it could be argued that with the exception of freedom of movement, the status of blacks had changed little in the South.
TRUE
farmer who grows a crop on someone else's land and gives the landowner part of the annual yield
TENANT FARMER
The Fourteenth Amendment was part of a series of laws that
b. ensured the civil rights of African Americans
About one-half of ______ were destroyed in the south during the Civil War.
c. farm implements and livestock
What was not only a popular method of administering justice, but also a form of entertainment?
b. lynching
to charge a government official with wrongdoing in office
IMPEACH
The ____ stated that everyone born or naturalized in the United States was a citizen and was entitled to equal protection of the law.
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
According to the cartoon, who does the KKK want to run the government?
white men
These trailblazers drew a picture of the American West as a land of promise, a paradise of plenty, filled with fertile valleys and rich land. During the 1840s, tens of thousands of Americans began the process of settling the West beyond the Mississippi River. The trailblazers included all EXCEPT:
c. businessmen
All of the following are reasons for westward expansion EXCEPT:
b. farming tobacco
All of the following led to the defeat of the Plains Indians EXCEPT:
c. the battle of Little Big Horn
Which of the following was a cause of conflict between Native Americans and the United States government?
a. Native Americans wanted to maintain their traditional culture.
b. Native Americans had violent conflicts with white settlers.
c. The United States wanted to use the land for while settlers.
d. All of the above.
CORRECT ANSWER IS D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which act of Congress divided up tribal lands into 65 hectare parcels to be given to the head of each family?
d. The Dawes Act
What "white" technology limited the movement of buffalo and interfered with the Plains Indians traditional way of life?
b. Fences
The United States government encouraged attempts to
c. take Native American lands.
Many agreements between Native Americans and the federal government fell apart because
a. Native Americans and settlers had differing concepts of land ownership.
Many white reformers believed that Native Americans should
d. be "civilized" and adopt white culture.
What happened at the Massacre at Wounded Knee?
a. American soldiers killed more than 200 unarmed Sioux.
The US government's treaties were just ways of moving the Native Americans around so that it and its interests could exploit the Indians land and resources.
TRUE
Conflicts arose between the US government and the Plains Indians because the Indians wanted to live on reservation land and farm.
FALSE
In the 1860s a cow could be bought for three to five dollars in Texas and sold in Dodge City, Kansas for ______ dollars.
C. $30-50
Farm merchanization resulted in
A. an increase in farm production.
Which one of the following did the Populists support?
B. a progressive income tax
What law allowed the use of silver as part of the national monetary policy?
A. Bland-Allison Act
William Jennings Bryan lost the election of 1896 because he could not
D. carry the urban and industrial centers.
Farmers were concerned about _____________ and the money supply.
A. deflation
This was a major weapon used against labor unions by the government. Name the weapon.
B. injunctions
Why did the institution of slavery develop in Africa?
B. slaves were valued as goods to be sold and traded
Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government was
C. a loose alliance of states
Southern States adopted the northern system of
A. cash-crop agriculture
What was a negative impact of "bonanza" farms?
D. oversupply led to lower prices
The bimetallic standard reders to
c. the currency (gold and silver) used by the United States until 1873.
The idea of a progressive income tax, which is still a standard taxing policy U.S. today, was aggressively sought by the Populist Party.
TRUE
Many of the reform ideas of the Populist Party would be embraced by other parties in American politics.
TRUE
The Bland-Allison Act required the federal government to coin more silver, which would increase the money supply and help farmers increase their profits.
TRUE
In their platform, the Populists included provisions for
a. free silver, a progressive income tax, and an eight-hour day.
The Interstate Commerce Act was passed to
c. regulate railroad rates and practices.
ran as the Democratic and Populist Party nominee in the presidential election of 1896
William Jennings Bryan
The government responded to the cries of the farming community by instating the Interstate Commerce Act in order to avoid unionization and retain federal control of land.
FALSE
Farmers favored inflation because it would
a. increase crop prices
In William Jennings Bryan's famous speech, "The Cross of Gold", he called for
a. a nation free from the bondage of the gold standard.
The policy of free silver, the unlimited coining of silver dollars, was
c. Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
helped farmers form cooperatives
the Grange
Bankers supported deflation because this policy would
c. increase the value of money.
Quite a bit of land resulting from this Act was purchased by land speculators
b. Morril-Land Grand Act
Which statement best describes the lifestyle of homesteaders?
d. Homesteaders often had to struggle even for the necessities.
All of the following contributed to the decline in farming at the end of the nineteenth century EXCEPT:
a. low interest rates
Custer's cavalry was wiped out at the ____.
inventor who developed a new way to make steel
Henry Bessemer
The Transcontinental Railroads run from ____ to ____. I. North II. South III. East IV. West
c. III and IV
Railroad shipping rates _______.
c. favored larger shippers.
One of the major advances in railroad transportation was _______.
a. electric engines
Name the process that transformed iron into steel.
b. the Bessemer converter
Edwin Drake struck oil in what US state?
c. Pennsylvania
inventor who established the American Telephone and Telegraph Company
Thomas A. Edison
When building the Transcontinental Railroad the Union Pacific Railroad started in the ______
d. East
license to make, use, or sell an invention
patent
improved the process of making steel
Bessemer process
a railroad extending from coast to coast
transcontinental railroad
The invention of electricity and its development helped business and industry but had little effect on individuals and their private and social lives.
FALSE
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse both worked wonders with
d. electricity
inventor who patented the telegraph
Samuel F. B. Morse
This person's name is synonymous with electricity because of his development of and inventions for its use.
d. Edison
Which of the following made possible the American industrial growth of the late 1800s?
b. technological advances
inventor who established the American Telephone and Telegraph Company
Alexander Graham Bell
Tammany Hall was a
d. political machine.
During this period in America, middle-class salaries were about twice that of the average factory worker.
TRUE
Whose nine-story skyscraper in Chicago revolutionized big city downtown landscapes?
b. William Jenney
tall steel frame buildings
skyscrapers
Which political cartoonist, from Harper's weekly, helped bring down New York City's "boss" Tweed?
a. Thomas Nast
This product allowed for the buildings in American cities to be built higher in the late 1800s.
c. steel
The political machines of the large cities determined what type of projects would be funded by tax dollars and for the most part they were honest organizations.
FALSE
America's industrialization not only made some people wealthy; it also helped create a growing
b. middle class
Political machines provided new city dwellers with necessities such as jobs, housing, and police protection in exchange for
c. votes
Only in power the political machines dominated daily life in the cities that they controlled and they held the purse strings for all technological contracts.
TRUE
Most people who lived in "street suburbs" were
b. middle class
William M. Tweed was
d. a corrupt party boss in a political machine.
What was the famous New York Democratic political machine called?
a. Tammany Hall
Tin played an important role in the skyscraper boom.
FALSE
belief that a person could rise in society, and go as far as their talents and commitment would take them
individualism
wrote "rags-to-riches" novels
Horatio Alger
According to the article, the _____ was the most popular ride at Coney Island?
a. whirl-the-whirl
realistic writer who wrote The Age of Innocence, a stark portrait of upper-class New York society
Edith Wharton
During the "Gilded Age", states passed what kinds of laws to prohibit most forms of business operating on Sunday?
b. blue laws
The idea of philosopher Herbert Spencer and others applied Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection to human society and was called
a. Social Darwinism.
Just as Darwin had looked at the natural world scientifically, a new movement in art and literature moved away from romanticism and was called
b. realism.
wrote the first truly American novel
Mark Twain
won the Pulitzer prize for the novel The Age of Innocence, a stark portrait of upper-class New York society in the 1870s
Edith Wharton
One aspect of industrialization was a shorter work day resulting in more leisure time for people.
TRUE
The first salaried baseball team was the
b. Cincinnati Red Stockings.
"The Trip to the Moon, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, the chutes, the scenic railway, and the other features of Luna Park were all patronized. A new feature, known as the whirl-the-whirl, proved to be a money coiner....Police Commissioner McAdoo...[said] that the new Coney Island was clean, moral, and magnificent." --from a New York Times article
Which of the following best explains how New Yorkers might have felt about Coney Island as it is described in this excerpt from the New York Times article?
c. This was a place to escape from reality.
By calling their era the Gilded Age, Mark Twain and Charles Warner were sounding
c. an alarm that beneath the surface lay corruption.
Charles Darwin's concept relating to the survival of the fittest as applied to business was called Social Darwinism and promoted competition to be the best.
TRUE
_____ was the philosophy that wealthy Americans bore the responsibility of using their great fortunes to further social progress.
b. Gospel of Wealth
revivalist who believed the way to help the poor was by redeeming their souls and reforming their character
Dwight L. Moody
"That morning's experience was a baptism of fire. Deserted were the laboratory and the academic work of the college. I never returned to them....it seemed certain that conditions such as these were allowed because people did not know, and for me there was a challenge to know and to tell...."--from The House on Henry Street
According to the excerpt, conditions such as those described existed because
c. people did not understand the reality of living poverty.
Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a novel that depicted ideas opposite of Social Darwinism and laissez-faire, and so were essentially a form of
a. socialism.
The opening of private women's colleges such as Vassar, Wellesley, and Smith and of women's colleges on the campuses of Harvard and Columbia Universities served to increase the number of women attending college.
TRUE
All of the following were early twentieth century reforms by many states to help the poor EXCEPT:
b. social security
Rural areas were ahead of cities in the rush to fund education.
FALSE
Lester Frank War argued in his book Dynamic Sociology that government could regulate the economy, cure poverty, and promote education much more efficiently than could competition in the marketplace.
TRUE
published a book describing a perfect society in 2000
Edward Bellamy
From about 1870 until 1920, reformers worked to better conditions in cities according to biblical ideals of charity and justice in the
c. Social Gospel movement
the idea that people succeed in the world not because of their ability to compete, but because of their ability to cooperate
Reform Darwinism
Social critics in the late 1800s saw a large gap between the rich and poor and attacked the concept of Social Darwinism.
TRUE
His book, Progress and Poverty, was an attack on the wealthy as undermining the democratic principles of the country.
b. Henry George
"The gulf between the employed and the employer is growing wider; social contrasts are becoming sharper; as liveried carriages appear, so do barefoot children."--from Progress and Poverty
What is the meaning of this excerpt?
c. Employers make too much money and workers do not
Baptist minister and leader in the Social Gospel movement
Walter Rauschenbusch
Dwight L. Moody's preaching and Ira Sankey's hymns drew thousands of people to revival meetings in the 1870s and 1880s.
FALSE
According to naturalists, leaving society and the economy unregulated did not always lead to the best results.
TRUE
Populists argued that currency should also be backed by ________, to increase the money supply.
b. silver
The Populist party supported all of the following EXCEPT:
c. a protective tariff
The 1893 economic depression was triggered by the failure of one of the country's leading railroad companies.
TRUE
Farmers wanted the government to back paper money with silver, instead of gold, because it would put more money in circulation, thereby _____________.
a. reducing the value of the dollar and enabling them to pay off debts more easily.
Failing prices for farm crops was the major factor that caused hardships for farmers during the late 1800s.
TRUE
The power of the Populist Party ended with their defeat in the 1896 election.
TRUE
Gold versus silver was the major economic issue of the election of 1896.
TRUE
The National Grange's main goal was to force states to regulate railroad freight and grain-storage rates.
TRUE
Because of the rapidly growing urban population and the surge in industrialization, farmers found a ready market for their produce and prospered.
FALSE
The Farmers' Alliance
a. lobbied for a graduated income tax.
A ______________ was one of the changes lobbied for by the Alliance.
graduated income tax
This act prohibited railroads from giving refunds to large shippers.
Interstate Commerce Act
The first major farmers' organization was the _________________.
National Grange
The ________________, which included Alliance members, farmers, labor leaders, and reformers, called for a graduated income tax, bank regulation, and government ownership of railroad and telegraph companies.
Populist Party
supported public libraries, believing that access to knowledge was the key to getting ahead in life
Andrew Carnegie
established in poor neighborhoods where middle-class residents lived and helped the poor residents
settlement houses
early advocate of the Social Gospel
Washington Gladden
Social Darwinism resulted in large companies merging, all of which stopped with the passage of which act in 1890?
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
What was the famous New York Democratic political machine called?
Tammany Hall
The Populist Party lost its influence and faded from the national scene because
c. farmers' economic situations improved and they lost interest in the party.
United State universities established in the late nineteenth century were modeled after schools found in which European country?
b. Germany
Which phrase best summarizes what women and African Americans experienced when they sought to attend college in the late 1800s?
a. a real struggle
What did W.E.B. Du Bois encourage students to seek in school?
b. higher education
Public schools played an important role in
b. helping immigrant children assimilate.
the ability to read and write
literacy
The Niagara Movement called for
c. full civil liberties for African Americans.
Public schools in America during the late 1800s wanted immigrants to adopt American values, this is called:
d. assimilation
This African American leader believed that training in trades and learning a skill was the way of improvement.
a. Booker T. Washington
The major focus of public schools in the late 1800s was the literacy, the process of trying to make everyone similar.
FALSE
By 1910, nearly 60 percent of American children were in school because
d. many states required school attendance by law.
People who give donations to a worthy cause are known as _____.
philanthropists
During the early 1900s, most African Americans who went to college attended
b. African American colleges
Why did parents pressure local governments to reform public schools?
b. to extend their children's knowledge beyond the basic skills
African American leaders like Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois favored education as a way of improving social and economic status and escaping poverty.
TRUE
What was America's first modern amusement park?
c. Coney Island
The American Dream of Rising From "rags to riches" was reflected in
c. Horatio Alger's Ragged Dick stories.
Which became the most popular American sport during the late 1800s?
b. baseball
term used to describe "sensational" new coverage
yellow journalism
a type of inexpensive variety show that became popular in the 1870s
vaudeville
A popular form of entertainment at the turn of the twentieth century was ______.
c. playing musical instruments at home.
What caused newspaper publishers to encourages "sensational" reporting?
a. competition for readers
Which of the following were popular forms of entertainment in the late 1800s?
a. vaudeville
b. moving pictures
c. trolley parks.
d. all of the above
ANSWER IS D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which form of music is largely attributed to the varying cultures in and around New Orleans and has its origins linked to old funeral marches?
d. jazz
This new form of entertainment was demeaning to African Americans because the performers colored their faces black.
c. minstrel shows
Which sport was the most popular at the end of the century?
c. baseball
A new form of entertainment at the turn of the 20th century was a series of performances with a variety of acts called:
c. vaudeville
_____ attracted readers by presenting "sensational" news stories.
yellow journalism
musical style that originated among African Americans musicians in the South and Midwest in the 1880s
ragtime
According to the lecture, which of the following was NOT characteristic of early movies?
c. Each town showed one movie per week.
Madam C. J. Walker is remembered for
c. overcoming discrimination to become a self-made millionaire.
Who co-founded the NAACP and believed that the only way to defeat segregation was through agitation?
Dubois
the murder of an accused person by a mob without lawful trial
lynching
fee that some southern states demanded before a person could vote
poll tax
Which of the following provided self-help guidance for African Americans?
c. the National Negro Business League
What was one result of northern whites' fears of racial equality?
a. race riots
At the end of the nineteenth century insulting a white person in the south could get a black person ______.
b. lynched
The act of lynching might best be described as
a. seizure and execution of a person by a mob.
The NAACP was largely supported by which industrialist?
c. Andrew Carnegie
A system of laws called ____ legally segregated and degraded African Americans.
Jim Crow
The discriminatory fee was required to vote in some states after Reconstruction and had a significant effect on African Americans..
d. poll tax
Financially successful African Americans in the South potentially face ___________.
a. lynching
laws that exempted men from voting restrictions
grandfather clause
Jim Crow laws were passed by many states after Reconstruction to separate or segregate blacks and whites.
TRUE
African Americans enjoyed a bit of renaissance during the early 1900s by forming business groups and opening new businesses.
TRUE
Which of the following is an example of "separate but equal"?
c. The creation of separate waiting rooms at the train station for whites and coloreds.
All of the following reasons supported denying women the rights to vote EXCEPT:
d. women were not intelligent enough
All of the following states allowed women to vote before 1900 EXCEPT:
a. Arizona
a post office service extended to farmers in 1896
rural free delivery
As women began to make their way into professional jobs, they worked mainly in
b. education, health care, and social work.
Which of the following was not an issue for women in the late 1800s?
b. the right to raise children
During the late 1800s, women from which of these groups were most likely to work outside the home?
d. young single women
Participation in volunteer organizations helped many women
a. take their first steps toward public life.
The "new woman" of the early 1900s promoted the idea that women should
a. adopt more convenient hair and dress styles.
Why did middle-class women join volunteer organizations after the Civil War?
b. need for intellectual and social stimulation
Farm families gained greater access to what cities had to offer through _____.
mail-order catalogs
printed materials selling goods by mail
mail-order catalogs
Which of the following helped reduce the time needed to do housework?
a. technological advances
Which best describes the popular amusements of the late 1800s?
c. They were inexpensive and readily available to large numbers of people.
In The Bitter Cry of the Children, author John Spargo reported that
b. few child laborers had ever attended school.
The American Federation of Labor
a. refused to accept unskilled laborers as members.
leader of the American Federation of labor
Samuel Gompers
More than 140 workers died in a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911.
TRUE
The Industrial Workers of the World
a. sought to end capitalism.
Most members of labor unions
c. wanted to preserve the capitalist system but make changes to it.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire was made worse because
c. the fire doors were kept locked, blocking escape.
a workplace where all employees are required to belong to a union
closed shop
Progressives and labor union activists worked to
a. pass new laws to prohibit or limit child labor.
a workplace where employees may choose whether or not to belong to a union
open shop
She informed the press of a lack of enforcement of workplace safety laws that led to reform and actual enforcement.
c. Rose Schneiderman
In spite of the many deaths and the horror of how the women died, the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire received little news coverage.
FALSE
The American Federation of Labor believed it was necessary to replace the capitalist system with socialism.
FALSE
During World War I, the U.S. Navy refused to ban the consumption of alcohol despite pressure from prohibitions at home.
FALSE
a writer who published Following the Color Line, a book about lynching
Ray Stannard Baker
All of the following were fears regarding immigrants after WWI EXCEPT:
a. immigrants would overrun universities
Progressives were most concerned about the plight of the poor and the discrimination faced by African Americans.
FALSE
organization dedicated to ending racial discrimination
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
a leading architect and city planner of the early 1900s
Daniel Burnham
influential African American leader
W.E.B. Du Bois
an ex-baseballplayer who became a Presbyterian minister and supported prohibition
Billy Sunday
leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union who built it into a strong national force
Frances Willard
Some progressives
d. expressed open prejudice against African Americans and American Indians.
Which amendment was passed by Congress in 1917 that made prohibition law?
d. Eighteenth Amendment
Reformers pushed for passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, arguing that
c. alcohol caused crime and broke up families.
Women who worked for suffrage won the vote by
b. persuading both men and women that the issue was important.
In the presidential election of 1912 Wilson
c. campaigned on a platform of tariff reduction and banking reform.
Which act of Congress passed in 1916 and supported by Wilson was an attempt to help farmers?
b. The Farm Loan Act
The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created
a. stability in financial systems.
Woodrow Wilson was elected in 1912 on a platform that called for
d. tariff reduction, banking reform, and antitrust legislation.
The Adamson Act, passed in 1916, was a bill
d. reducing the railroad workers' workday from 10 to 8 hours with no loss of pay.
The Underwood Tariff Act of 1913
a. reduced tariffs and introduced a graduated income tax.
What did the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act do?
d. outlawed the interstate sale of goods produced using child labor
The Federal Trade Commission was created during the Wilson years to protect consumers (against false advertisement among other things).
TRUE
Women won the right to vote in state elections in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania in 1915.
FALSE
This Act of Congress passed during the Wilson years helped agricultural interests to borrow money.
c. Federal Farm Loan Act
The Adamson Act mandated an eight hour workday for railroad workers.
TRUE
A very successful practice favored labor unions during the early 1900s was their ability to dictate to management who could be hired, this was called:
b. the closed shop
the Hawaiian queen who wanted to restore Hawaii's independence
Liliuokalani
Which rebellion in China fought against westernization in 1900?
b. The Boxer Rebellion
_____________ is the first westerner to have a positive relationship with Japan and open up dialogue about trade with the United States.
Matthew Perry
Which statement below is an accurate summary of Henry Cabot Lodge's reasons for imperialism?
c. The United States could use imperialism to expand its influence and power
Japan's victories over two countries, around the turn of the twentieth century, sealed its place as a world power. What two countries did it control?
d. Russia and China
took the position that the United States should establish naval bases outside the country
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge supported imperialism in the U.S. foreign policy.
TRUE
All Hawaiian natives approved of the U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898.
FALSE
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani was deposed as a result of collusion on the part of U.S. agricultural interests and Hawaiians who saw personal financial gain.
TRUE
America had a two-fold imperialistic interest in Hawaii, one was using it as a base for Asian interests and the other was to develop this industry.
b. sugar
Another name for the Hawaiian Islands.
Sandwich Islands
Matthew Perry convinced Japanese leaders to agree to foreign trade with the United States. Japan quickly industrialized, building up its army and navy to ensure future defense and independence.
TRUE
The slogan "Hawaii for the Hawaiians" was championed by Secretary of State John Hay.
FALSE
regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over the mines, railroads, and trade in another country's territory
spheres of influence
When Queen Liliuokalani announced plans to publish a new Hawaiian constitution, which would give more power to native Hawaiians,
c. supporters of annexation set up a separate government.
Who was the leader of the Mexican Revolution?
a. Emilio Zapata
In August of 1915, a commission representing eight Latin American countries and the United States recognized ________ as the lawful authority in Mexico.
a. Carranza
All of the following were presidents during the Mexican Revolution except:
d. Zapata
Which of the following circumstances surrounding U.S. occupation in Mexico proved harmful to political relations?
a. increased death and destruction
Which individual took power of the Mexican government, after Diaz was removed from power?
b. Madero
During the Mexican Revolution U.S. troops under the leadership of General Pershing invaded deep into Northern Mexico.
TRUE
The 1917 Mexican Constitution was named for this Mexican President.
c Carranza
Pancho Villa was a well-known
d. revolutionary.
When Carranzo came to power, he wanted to unite the Mexican people, and
c. establish a constitution.
General John Pershing captured Pancho Villa in Mexico.
FALSE
Victoriano Huerta
c. was a Mexican general who seized power and imprisoned President Madero.
The Open Door policy was embraced and welcomed by both the Chinese government and its people.
FALSE
Which of the following would be considered exemplary of Carranzo's progressive reforms?
a. 8-hour work day
During the Boxer Rebellion
b. rebels laid to siege to the walled-in foreign settlement in Beijing.
regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over the mines, railroads, and trade in another country's territory
spheres of influence
The United States decided to enter the war in response to
c. the Czar's growing support in Russia.
Americans thought German submarine warfare was
c. uncivilized.
Germany's promise that its U-boats would warn ships before attacking
Sussex pledge
Which political groups replaced the czar's monarchy during the Russian Revolution?
b. Bolsheviks
Which of the following was a major factor in the decision of the United States' to enter World War I?
b. Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare
This pledge was a promise by the German government to stop sinking non-military merchant marine and passenger ships, it was ultimately rescinded.
b. Sussex
The United States broke off diplomatic relations with Germany when
b. Germany violated the Sussex pledge.
What did the Sussex Pledge state?
a. German U-boats would avoid attacking passenger ships.
The German U-boats changed the rules of naval warfare because it
b. remained hidden and fired without warning.
The Russian Revolution gave Germany the incentive to accelerate the war and indirectly led to the entry of the United States.
TRUE
In the _____, Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico.
Zimmermann note
Because Czar Nicolas II held absolute power in Russia and rarely considered the needs of his people, he is considered a(n)______________.
a. autocrat
organized killing of an entire people
genocide
Which statement correctly describes the changes in Europe caused by World War I?
d. The map of Europe had changed significantly because many nations' borders had changed.
The influx of American forces led the Austro-Hungarian Empire to ask for peace, Turkey and Bulgaria to stop fighting, and Germany to request _______. The American presence had turned the tide in favor of the Allies.
a. an armistice.
cease-fire between opponents in a war
armistice
A major turning point of the war was _________________.
c. The United States liberation of Paris
In 1918, Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the leader of the French army, assumed command of the allied forces. Foch's troops, aided by _______ American soldiers, launched a furious counteroffensive that pushed German forces away from Paris back to the Belgian border.
c. 85000
The death toll from World War I was
c. extraordinarily high.
What was the purpose of the convoy system?
c. to transport troops safely across the Atlantic
African Americans fighting in World War I were used mostly
a. for manual labor.
a group of unarmed ships surrounded by armed ships
convoy
within eighteen months of declaring war, the United States had deployed how many troops to France?
d. 1750000
The Selective Service Act was very popular, it included all young men above a certain age, it allowed the men to select the branch of the military in which they would serve.
FALSE
The Selective Service Act was a means of
c. drafting young men for the military forces.
Who was the first female to fly across the Atlantic ocean in 1928?
c. Amelia Earhart
One of the most exciting heroes of this era was the baseball star
a. Babe Ruth.
Spanish-speaking neighborhood
barrio
Which particular ethnic group moved in large numbers from rural to urban areas during the first two decades of the 20th century?
b. Blacks
At first, some women did not exercise their newly won right to vote because
a. they did not feel comfortable voting.
b. they could not leave their children to go to the polls.
c. their families discouraged them from voting.
d. all of the above.
ANSWER IS D. ALL OF THE ABOVE.
In 1920 women were given the right to vote and they showed up in large numbers especially in the big cities at the polls and affected changes that benefited them.
FALSE
One major demographic shift of the 1920s was the movement of
a. large numbers of Americans to the suburbs.
Flappers danced the Charleston, a new dance that embodied the spirit of
b. the Jazz Age.
African Americans moved to the North in the 1920s because
a. jobs in the South were scarce and low-paying.
b. many southern factories refused to hire them.
c. many jobs opened up for them in the North.
d. all of the above.
ANSWER IS D. ALL OF THE ABOVE.
How did life change for American women in the 1920s?
a. Many women felt freer to experiment with bolder styles and manners.
Hispanic communities called this were established where Spanish speaking people lived in the West.
d. barrios
In Charles Lindbergh and other heroes, Americans recognized
a. a hunger for fame.
_____ became a national hero after flying nonstop from New York to Paris.
Charles Lindbergh
statistics describing populations
demographics
Spanish-speaking neighborhood
barrio
case about the teaching of evolution in schools
Scopes trial
Jamaican-born leader of movement promoting African American pride
Marcus Garvey
set of religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation of the Bible
fundamentalism
Prohibition failed because of all of the following EXCEPT:
b. violators were investigated by the Justice department.
The KKK's growth after WWI occured for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
a. many immigrants joined the organization
What did Marcus Garvey urge African Americans to do?
a. return to Africa
Marcus Garvey led a movement to
b. build up African American self-respect and economic power.
Which of the following was a long-term effect of Prohibition?
b. the growth of organized crime
a bar that operated illegally
speakeasy
William Jennings Bryan took up the cause of fundamentalist Christians
c. at the Scopes trial.
set of beliefs held by religious traditionalists
fundamentalism
supporter of free speech in the Scopes trial
Clarence Darrow
In the 1920s, fundamentalists gained attention for their belief in
c. a literal interpretation of the Bible.
During the 1920s this African American man called for a back to Africa movement.
b. Marcus Garvey
The passage of the Fordney-McCumber Tariff, which raised import taxes to very high levels,
b. hurt both U.S. industry and European nations that had to pay back war debts.
a numerical limit
quota
"The business of the American people is business," observed _____, President from 1923 to 1927.
Calvin Coolidge
Immigrants whose murder convictions provoked controversy
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
In the _____, 15 nations pledged not to threaten each other with war in their joint dealings.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
The main opponent of prohibitionist Herbert Hoover in the 1928 presidential election was
c. Alfred E. Smith
Presidents Harding and Coolidge had a foreign policy that embraced disarment and:
c. isolation
Many Americans believed that Sacco and Vanzetti were executed because they were
d. immigrants with radical beliefs during the Red Scare.
Teapot Dome was a successful government project that displayed the Harding administration policy of laissez faire government.
FALSE
The action by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer further led to a fear that radical political elements were set to disrupt American society.
d. raids
the policy of avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries
isolationism
The National Origins Act of 1924 reduced the number of people who could
a. enter the United States
Calvin Coolidge supported _____ business policy.
laissez faire
Many American newspapers fanned the flame of fear of communism which resulted in a "Red Scare" and often associated it with labor organizations.
TRUE
The Red Scare was a response to
c. the Russian Revolution.
Which group of Americans were largely left out of the prosperity of the 1920s?
b. the farmers
During the 1920s, the government gave private business all of the following EXCEPT:
a. A favorable tariff policy for agriculture
The economy grew in the 1920s as consumers
d. began to buy goods on credit.
Which of the following is an example of people bypassed by the industrial boom?
a. Rural farmers
The increase in automobile led to the rise of new businesses such as
c. motels and gas stations.
Businessman and inventor who developed and mass-produced automobiles
Henry Ford
Ford's success came partly from
b. vertical consolidation.
The _____ made it possible for Henry Ford to produce cars quickly and cheaply.
assembly line
A consumer economy is one that depends on a large amount of
b. spending.
How did installment plans affect the American economy in the 1920s?
c. They fuled the growth of the consumer economy.
Which was a result of the boom in the automobile industry?
b. New roads were built.
Though relatively few in number, flappers represented
b. women's desire to break with the past.
Many Americans believed that Communists were behind the
a. labor strikes of 1919.
CRITICAL THINKING:
Determining Relevance Identify and describe the importance of one major piece of Reconstruction legislation.
Thirteenth Amendment
Vocab
VOCAB:
Black Codes - Laws that restricted freedmen's rights.
Fourteenth Amendment - Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1868, to guarantee citizens equal protection under the law.
civil rights - Citizen's personal liberties guaranteed by law, such as voting rights and equal treatment.
impeach - To charge a public official with wrongdoing in office.
Fifteenth Amendment - The Fifteenth Amendment is a constitutional amendment, ratified in 1870, and it states that governments in the United States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery).
carpetbagger - Negative nickname for a northern Republican who moved to the South after the Civil War.
scalawag - A scalawag was a negative nickname for a white southern Republican who supported Reconstruction, usually for private gain, after the Civil War.
sharecropping - Sharecropping is a system of farming in which a farmers tends some portion of a planter's land and receives a share of the crop at harvest time as payment.
tenant farming - Tenant farming was a system of farming in which a person rented land to farm from the person who owned the land.
infrastructure - The public property and services that a society uses.
Enforcement Act of 1870 - The Enforcement Act of 1870, passed by Congress, banned the use of terror, force or bribery to people from voting because of their race.
solid South - The solid South is the term used to describe the domination of post-civil War southern politics
by the Democratic Party, which voted together as a block.
Compromise of 1877 - Agreement in which Democrats agreed to give Rutherford B. Hayes the victory in the
presidential election of 1876 and Hayes, in return, agreed to remove the remaining federal troops from southern states.
removed federal troops from southern states
Compromise of 1877
designed to allow Americans of all races voting rights
Enforcement Act of 1870
push-pull factors - Events and conditions that either force (push) people to move elsewhere or strongly
attract (pull) them to do so.
Pacific Railway acts - The Pacific Railway Acts were laws passed in 1862 and 1864 giving large land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads.
Morrill Land-Grant Act - that was passed by Congress in 1862, distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.
land speculator - A person who buys up large areas of land in the hope of selling them later for a profit.
Homestead Act - 1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens who met certain conditions.
Exoduster - An African American who migrated to the West after the Civil War.
Great Plains - Vast grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.
nomad - A person who moves from place to place in search of basic needs: food, clothing, and shelter.
reservation - Federal land set aside for Native Americans.
Battle of Little Bighorn - 1876 Sioux victory over army troops led by George Custer.
Ghost Dance - A Native American purification ritual.
Massacre at Wounded Knee - In 1890, during the Indian Wars, the Massacre at Wounded Knee was instigated by Colonial American Army troops who shot at a group unanmed Sioux.
assimilation - The process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture.
Dawes Act - The Dawes act was instated in 1887, it established a law that divided reservation land into private family plots.
boomers - Settlers who ran in land races to claim land upon the 1889 opening of Indian Territory for settlement.
sooners - Sooners were people who in 1889 illegally claimed land by sneaking past government officials
before the Oklahoma Land Rush races began.
George Armstrong Custer - led the United States cavalry at the Battle of Little Bighorn
placer mining - Placer mining is a mining technique in which miners shovel loose dirt into boxes and then
run water over the dirt to separate it from gold or silver particles.
long drive - Moving of cattle from distant ranges to busy railroad centers that shipped cattle to market.
homesteader - One who farmed claims under the Homestead Act.
soddie - A soddie is a sod home with walls and roof made from blocks of sod-strips of grass with thick
roots and soil attached.
dry farming - Techniques used to raise crops in areas that receive little rain; water conservation techniques.
bonanza farm - Farm controlled by businesses, managed by professionals, and raising massive quantities of
single cash crops.
The Turner Thesis is an 1893 theory of Fredrick Jackson Turner that claimed that the frontier had played a
key role in forming the American character.
stereotype - A stereotype is an exaggerated or oversimplified description of reality held by a number of people.
money supply - The amount of money in the national economy.
deflation - A drop in the prices of goods.
monetary policy - The federal government's plan for the makeup and quantity of the nations' money supply.
bimetallic standard - Bimetallic standard was the currency of the United States prior to 1873, which consisted of gold or silver coins as well as US treasury notes that could be traded in for gold or silver.
free silver - The unlimited coining of silver dollars.
Bland-Allison Act - The 1878 law required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act - The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was a law passed by congress in 1890 to
increase the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month.
the Grange - The Grange was established in 1867, and also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, this organization helped farmers form cooperatives and pressured state legislators to regulate businesses on which farmers depended.
Interstate Commerce Act - The Interstate Commerce Act was an 1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses.
Populist - A populist was a follower of the People's Party formed in the 1890s to advocate a larger money
supply and other economic reforms.
ran as the Democratic and Populist Party nominee in the presidential election of 1896
William Jennings Bryan
patent - A patent is a license that gives an inventor the exclusive rights to make, use, or sell an invention
for a set period of time.
productivity - The amount of goods and services created in a given period of time.
transcontinental railroad - The Transcontinental railroad was a railway that connected the east coast of the
United States to the west coast in the late 1860s.
Bessemer process - Method developed in 1856 to produce stronger steel at a lower cost.
mass production - A process of making large quantities of a product quickly and inexpensively.
skyscraper - The word skyscraper was first applied to such buildings in the late 19th century, reflecting public amazement at the tall buildings being built in Chicago and New York City.
Louis Sullivan - Louis Sullivan contributed extensively to the design and structure of skyscrapers. He was quoted as saying, "What people are within, the buildings express without."
tenement - Tenements were multi-family apartments, usually dark, crowded, and barely meeting minimum living standards.
political machine - A political machine was an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government.
party boss - The party boss is a person in control of a political machine.
George Plunkitt - An Irish immigrant who rose to be one of New York's most powerful party bosses.
graft - Acquisition of money or political power through illegal or dishonest methods.
William M. Boss Tweed - Tweed was an American politician and boss of Tammany Hall in New York City (Manhattan), who was convicted and imprisoned for stealing millions.
Gilded Age - The term historians adopted and applied to the era beginning about 1870 and ending around 1900. An age that appears to sparkle, but beneath the surface lay corruption, poverty, crime, and great disparities in wealth between the rich and the poor.
Social Darwinism - Social Darwinism is the idea that Charles Darwin's theory (of evolution and natural selection) can be extended and applied to the social realm.
Gospel of Wealth - The philosophy held that wealthy Americans bore the responsibility of engaging in philanthropy-using their great fortunes to further social progress.
philanthropy - Philanthropy is the providing of money to support humanitarian or social goals.
realism - An approach to literature, art, and theater that attempts to accurately portray things as they really are and holds that society will function best if left to itself.
vaudeville - Vaudeville was a form of stage entertainment that was made up of various acts, such as dancing, singing, comedy and magic shows.
ragtime - A type of music with a strong rhythm and a lively melody with accented notes which was popular in early 1900.
Scott Joplin - Scott Joplin was the best-known ragtime musician and composer, setting the standard for the many who followed.
Henry George - Henry George, a journalist that published Progress and Poverty in 1879. He raised questions about American society and led the way in challenging the ideas of Social Darwinism and laissez-faire economics.
Lester Frank Ward - Lester Frank Ward is most famous for his publication of Dynamic Sociology. He took the main ideas of Darwinism and argued that human beings were different from other animals in nature because they had the ability to think ahead and make plans to produce.
Edward Bellamy - Author of Looking Backward, 2000-1887. The book had strong socialism themes, and his ideas helped shape the thinking of American reformers in the late 1800s.
naturalism - A philosophical approach to art and literature based on two primary beliefs. The first is that nature can be understood through scientific observation and the second is that society functions best when regulated.
Jane Addams - Jane Addams was a founder of the U.S. Settlement House Movement, and, in 1889, she and Ellen Gates Starr co-founded Hull House in Chicago, Illinois, one of the first settlement houses in the United States.
settlement house - A settlement house was an institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided numerous community services such as medical care, child care, libraries, and classes in English.
Americanization - The process of preparing foreign-born residents for full U.S. Citizenship.
cooperatives - Groups that pool members' resources to sell products directly to markets and to buy goods at wholesale prices.
graduated income tax - System in which the rate of taxation varies according to income.
gold standard - The gold standard is a monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal in value to a certain amount of gold.
National Grange - Social and educational organization founded in 1867 to gain more political representation for farmers and improve their living standards.
Interstate Commerce Act - The Interstate Commerce Act was an 1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses.
Mary Elizabeth Lease - Mary Elizabeth Lease was an American lecturer, writer, and political activist, who dedicated most of her political work to supporting temperance and fighting for the basic needs of the working class.
Bland-Allison Act - 1878 law that required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act - The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was a law passed by congress in 1890 to increase the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month.
Populist Party - The Populist Party, also referred to as the People's party; national political party formed in 1892 that supported a graduated income tax, bank regulation, government ownership of some companies, restrictions on immigration, and shorter workdays.
James B. Weaver - James B. Weaver was a United States politician and member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Iowa as a member of the Greenback Party. He is most famous as the presidential nominee of the Populist Party in the 1892 election.
literacy - The ability to read and write.
assimilation - Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture.
philanthropist - A philanthropist is a person who gives donations to worth causes.
Niagara Movement - Founded in 1905, a group of African Americans that called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood.
yellow journalism - Yellow journalism was a reference to journalism that features scandal-mongering, sensationalism, jingoism or other unethical or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists.
poll tax - A poll tax is a special fee that must be paid before a person can vote.
grandfather clause - Passage in a law that exempts a group of people from obeying the law if they had met certain conditions before the law was passed.
segregation - Segregation is the separation (forced or unforced) or isolation of a race, class, or group.
Jim Crow - Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes, beginning in the 1870s, that required segregation of public services by race and that placed restrictions on civil rights for African-Americans.
Plessy v. Ferguson - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), was a landmark United States Supreme Court upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public places under the idea of "separate but equal".
lynching - An execution organized and performed by a mob/group without adequate reasons, nor process. Hangings have been the most common forms of lynching in American history.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - Organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism, and to gain civil rights for African Americans.
department store - Large retail establishment that carries a wide variety of goods and sells in large quantities.
rural free delivery - Program established in 1896, free delivery service offered by the U.S. Post Office to farm families in rural areas.
mail-order catalog - Printed material advertising a wide range of goods that can be purchased by mail.
freedom of contract - Freedom of workers to negotiate the terms of their employment.
closed shop - A workplace in which the employer by agreement hires only union members.
socialism - A socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to the control by the community for the purpose of achieving social and economic equality; usually associated with the means of production being controlled by the government.
open shop - An open shop is a place of employment in which a person does not have to join a union as a condition of hiring or continued employment.
Florence Kelley - A reformer from Philadelphia who worked for numerous political and social reforms.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire was a 1911 incident that resulted in the deaths of some 140 garment workers; led to increased safety regulations for businesses.
Rose Schneiderman - Prominent United States labor union leader and socialist of the first part of the twentieth century.
Muller v. Oregon - (1908) Supreme Court case that upheld protective legislation for female workers in Oregon.
Samuel Gompers - Samuel Gompers was an American labor leader and the founder of the American Federation of Labor.
International Ladies' Garment Workers Union - The International Ladies' Garment Workers Union(ILGWU) was an influential union established in New York City in 1900 to organized workers in sewing shops.
prohibition - Complete ban on the manufacture, sale and distribution of alcohol.
Lawrence Veiller - Lawrence Veiller is credited with inducing the passage of the Tenement House Law of 1901, which outlawed further construction of dumbbell tenements, provided bathroom facilities for each apartment, required greater open space, and implemented strict fire-codes.
Daniel Burnham - American architect and urban planner. He was the Director of Works for the World's Columbian Exposition and designed several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Building in New York City and Union Station in Washington D.C.
Woman's Christian Temperance Union - Also known as WCTU; reform organization that led the fight against alcohol in the late 1800s.
Billy Sunday - Noted first as a professional baseball player, and then more famously as an evangelist.
Frances Willard - American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist.
Eighteenth Amendment - (1919) Constitutional amendment that barred the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the United States; repealed in 1933)
W.E.B. Du Bois - W.E.B. DuBois was an African-American who was the most prominent intellectual leader and political activist on behalf of African Americans in the first half of the twentieth century.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - Group founded by W.E.B. Du Bois and others in 1909 to end racial discrimination.
National Urban League - Group founded in 1991 to fight for racial equality.
Federal Reserve Act - (1913) Act that created a national banking system to help the government control the economy.
Clayton Antitrust Act - (1914) Law that clarified and strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by clearly defining what a monopoly or trust was.
Federal Trade Commission - (FTC) Commission established in 1914 to investigate corporations and to try to keep them from conducting unfair trade practices.
Adamson Act - Federal law reducing the workday for railroad workers from 10 to 8 hours with no cut in pay.
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act - (1916) Law that outlawed the interstate sale of products produced by child labor; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1918.
National American Woman Suffrage Association - Group formed in 1890 to win the vote for women and promote women's equality in society.
Alice Paul - American suffragist leader. Along with Lucy Burns (a close friend) and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in granting the right to vote to women in the U.S. federal election in 1920.
Carrie Chapman Catt - American women's rights activist.
Nineteenth Amendment - Constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote in 1920.
imperialism - Quest for colonial empires.
subsidy - A subsidy is a grant of money from the government to a person or a company for an action intended to benefit the public.
spheres of influence - A Sphere of influence is an area in which an imperial or foreign power has exclusive rights.
Henry Cabot Lodge - American statesman and Republican politician, and noted historian.
Alfred Thayer Mahan - Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States Navy officer, geotrategist, and educator, widely considered the world's foremost theorist of military sea power.
Kalakaua - Kalakaua was the last reigning king of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Liliuokalani - Liluokalani was the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, before Hawaii became part of the United States in 1989.
John Hay - John Hay was an American statesman, author, journalist, and private secretary and assistant to an Abraham Lincoln; he also served as Secretary of State at the turn of the 20th century.
Open Door Policy - The Open Door Policy was an 1899 Declaration made by Secretary of State John Hay that stated that all nations should have equal access to trade and investment in China.
Boxer Rebellion - (1900) Revolt in which Chinese nationalists known as Boxers attacked foreigners in order to end forcing involvement in China's affairs; put down by an international force after two months.
Porfirio Diaz - Porfirio Diaz was a Mexican was hero and President (later considered a dictator), who ruled Mexico from 1876 until 1911.
Emiliano Zapata - Emiliano Zapata was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz that broke out in 1910. He is considered to be one of the outstanding national heroes of Mexico.
Francisco Madero - Francisco Madero was a revolutionary who served as President of Mexico from 1911 to 1913.
Mexican Revolution - The Mexican Revolution was a struggle to end dictatorship that led to years of instability in Mexico in the early 1900s.
Victoriano Huerta - Huerta was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico in 1913.
Venustiano Carranza - Carranza was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted.
Francisco Pancho Villa - Francisco "Pancho" Villa was one of the foremost leaders and best known generals of the Mexican Revolution, between 1911 and 1920, and provisional governor of the Mexican state of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914.
John J. Pershing - John J. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I and was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States army forces in Europe during World War II, including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, and George S. Patton
U-boat - A U-boat is a German submarine.
Sussex pledge - Germany promised to alter their naval and submarine policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and stop the indiscriminate sinking of non-military ships. Instead, merchant ships would be searched and sunk only if they contained contraband and only after passengers were safely off the ship.
Zimmermann note - The Zimmerman note was a telegram sent by Germany's foreign secretary in 1917 to Mexican officials proposing an alliance with Mexico and promising United States territory if Mexico declared war on the United States.
autocrat - Ruler with unlimited power.
Russian Revolution - Collapse of the czar's government in Russia in 1917, after which the Russian monarchy was replaced with a republican government.
Selective Service Act - A Selective Service Act is a law requiring all males in a designated age range to register for military service.
American Expedition Force - Also known as the AEF, this term refers to American troops in Europe that kept a separate force from the French and British troops.
convoy - Group of unarmed ships surrounded by a ring of armed naval vessels.
zeppelin - A zeppelin was a gas filled balloon, a German floating airship.
armistice - Agreement to end fighting in a war.
genocide - Organized killing of an entire people.
flapper - Flapper is a 1920's term used to describe a new type of young woman; rebellious energetic and bold.
demographics - The statistics that describe a population, such as data on race or income.
barrio - A Spanish-speaking neighborhood.
bootleggers - Term used to describe a supplier of illegal alcohol during Prohibition.
speakeasies - Speakeasies were bars (or nightclubs) that operated illegally during the time of Prohibition.
fundamentalism - Set of religious beliefs including traditional Christian ideas about Jesus Christ; the belief that the Bible was inspired by God and does not contain contradictions or errors and is literally true.
Scopes trial - The Scopes trial, also called, the "Monkey Trial", was a 1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools.
communism - Economic system in which all wealth and property are owned by the state.
Red Scare - The suspicion of widespread infiltration by communists and fears of communist influence on U.S. society.
isolationism - Isolationism is a purposeful refusal to become generally involved in the affairs of the rest of the world.
disarmament - Reduction of this size of a country's military.
quota - A numerical limit.
Teapot Dome Scandal - Teapot Dome Scandal was a scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money.
Kellogg-Briand Pact - A pact signed in 1928 by the United States and 14 other nations that outlawed war, except for self defense.
consumer economy - An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by consumers.
installment plan - A payment plan that allows customers to make payments at set intervals over a period of time until the total debt is paid.
Gross National Product (GNP) - The sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year.
assembly line - Manufacturing process in which each worker does one specialized task in the construction of the final product.
Black Codes - Laws that restricted freedmen's rights.
Fourteenth Amendment - Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1868, to guarantee citizens equal protection under the law.
civil rights - Citizen's personal liberties guaranteed by law, such as voting rights and equal treatment.
impeach - To charge a public official with wrongdoing in office.
Fifteenth Amendment - The Fifteenth Amendment is a constitutional amendment, ratified in 1870, and it states that governments in the United States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery).
carpetbagger - Negative nickname for a northern Republican who moved to the South after the Civil War.
scalawag - A scalawag was a negative nickname for a white southern Republican who supported Reconstruction, usually for private gain, after the Civil War.
sharecropping - Sharecropping is a system of farming in which a farmers tends some portion of a planter's land and receives a share of the crop at harvest time as payment.
tenant farming - Tenant farming was a system of farming in which a person rented land to farm from the person who owned the land.
infrastructure - The public property and services that a society uses.
Enforcement Act of 1870 - The Enforcement Act of 1870, passed by Congress, banned the use of terror, force or bribery to people from voting because of their race.
solid South - The solid South is the term used to describe the domination of post-civil War southern politics
by the Democratic Party, which voted together as a block.
Compromise of 1877 - Agreement in which Democrats agreed to give Rutherford B. Hayes the victory in the
presidential election of 1876 and Hayes, in return, agreed to remove the remaining federal troops from southern states.
removed federal troops from southern states
Compromise of 1877
designed to allow Americans of all races voting rights
Enforcement Act of 1870
push-pull factors - Events and conditions that either force (push) people to move elsewhere or strongly
attract (pull) them to do so.
Pacific Railway acts - The Pacific Railway Acts were laws passed in 1862 and 1864 giving large land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads.
Morrill Land-Grant Act - that was passed by Congress in 1862, distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.
land speculator - A person who buys up large areas of land in the hope of selling them later for a profit.
Homestead Act - 1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens who met certain conditions.
Exoduster - An African American who migrated to the West after the Civil War.
Great Plains - Vast grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.
nomad - A person who moves from place to place in search of basic needs: food, clothing, and shelter.
reservation - Federal land set aside for Native Americans.
Battle of Little Bighorn - 1876 Sioux victory over army troops led by George Custer.
Ghost Dance - A Native American purification ritual.
Massacre at Wounded Knee - In 1890, during the Indian Wars, the Massacre at Wounded Knee was instigated by Colonial American Army troops who shot at a group unanmed Sioux.
assimilation - The process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture.
Dawes Act - The Dawes act was instated in 1887, it established a law that divided reservation land into private family plots.
boomers - Settlers who ran in land races to claim land upon the 1889 opening of Indian Territory for settlement.
sooners - Sooners were people who in 1889 illegally claimed land by sneaking past government officials
before the Oklahoma Land Rush races began.
George Armstrong Custer - led the United States cavalry at the Battle of Little Bighorn
placer mining - Placer mining is a mining technique in which miners shovel loose dirt into boxes and then
run water over the dirt to separate it from gold or silver particles.
long drive - Moving of cattle from distant ranges to busy railroad centers that shipped cattle to market.
homesteader - One who farmed claims under the Homestead Act.
soddie - A soddie is a sod home with walls and roof made from blocks of sod-strips of grass with thick
roots and soil attached.
dry farming - Techniques used to raise crops in areas that receive little rain; water conservation techniques.
bonanza farm - Farm controlled by businesses, managed by professionals, and raising massive quantities of
single cash crops.
The Turner Thesis is an 1893 theory of Fredrick Jackson Turner that claimed that the frontier had played a
key role in forming the American character.
stereotype - A stereotype is an exaggerated or oversimplified description of reality held by a number of people.
money supply - The amount of money in the national economy.
deflation - A drop in the prices of goods.
monetary policy - The federal government's plan for the makeup and quantity of the nations' money supply.
bimetallic standard - Bimetallic standard was the currency of the United States prior to 1873, which consisted of gold or silver coins as well as US treasury notes that could be traded in for gold or silver.
free silver - The unlimited coining of silver dollars.
Bland-Allison Act - The 1878 law required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act - The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was a law passed by congress in 1890 to
increase the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month.
the Grange - The Grange was established in 1867, and also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, this organization helped farmers form cooperatives and pressured state legislators to regulate businesses on which farmers depended.
Interstate Commerce Act - The Interstate Commerce Act was an 1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses.
Populist - A populist was a follower of the People's Party formed in the 1890s to advocate a larger money
supply and other economic reforms.
ran as the Democratic and Populist Party nominee in the presidential election of 1896
William Jennings Bryan
patent - A patent is a license that gives an inventor the exclusive rights to make, use, or sell an invention
for a set period of time.
productivity - The amount of goods and services created in a given period of time.
transcontinental railroad - The Transcontinental railroad was a railway that connected the east coast of the
United States to the west coast in the late 1860s.
Bessemer process - Method developed in 1856 to produce stronger steel at a lower cost.
mass production - A process of making large quantities of a product quickly and inexpensively.
skyscraper - The word skyscraper was first applied to such buildings in the late 19th century, reflecting public amazement at the tall buildings being built in Chicago and New York City.
Louis Sullivan - Louis Sullivan contributed extensively to the design and structure of skyscrapers. He was quoted as saying, "What people are within, the buildings express without."
tenement - Tenements were multi-family apartments, usually dark, crowded, and barely meeting minimum living standards.
political machine - A political machine was an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government.
party boss - The party boss is a person in control of a political machine.
George Plunkitt - An Irish immigrant who rose to be one of New York's most powerful party bosses.
graft - Acquisition of money or political power through illegal or dishonest methods.
William M. Boss Tweed - Tweed was an American politician and boss of Tammany Hall in New York City (Manhattan), who was convicted and imprisoned for stealing millions.
Gilded Age - The term historians adopted and applied to the era beginning about 1870 and ending around 1900. An age that appears to sparkle, but beneath the surface lay corruption, poverty, crime, and great disparities in wealth between the rich and the poor.
Social Darwinism - Social Darwinism is the idea that Charles Darwin's theory (of evolution and natural selection) can be extended and applied to the social realm.
Gospel of Wealth - The philosophy held that wealthy Americans bore the responsibility of engaging in philanthropy-using their great fortunes to further social progress.
philanthropy - Philanthropy is the providing of money to support humanitarian or social goals.
realism - An approach to literature, art, and theater that attempts to accurately portray things as they really are and holds that society will function best if left to itself.
vaudeville - Vaudeville was a form of stage entertainment that was made up of various acts, such as dancing, singing, comedy and magic shows.
ragtime - A type of music with a strong rhythm and a lively melody with accented notes which was popular in early 1900.
Scott Joplin - Scott Joplin was the best-known ragtime musician and composer, setting the standard for the many who followed.
Henry George - Henry George, a journalist that published Progress and Poverty in 1879. He raised questions about American society and led the way in challenging the ideas of Social Darwinism and laissez-faire economics.
Lester Frank Ward - Lester Frank Ward is most famous for his publication of Dynamic Sociology. He took the main ideas of Darwinism and argued that human beings were different from other animals in nature because they had the ability to think ahead and make plans to produce.
Edward Bellamy - Author of Looking Backward, 2000-1887. The book had strong socialism themes, and his ideas helped shape the thinking of American reformers in the late 1800s.
naturalism - A philosophical approach to art and literature based on two primary beliefs. The first is that nature can be understood through scientific observation and the second is that society functions best when regulated.
Jane Addams - Jane Addams was a founder of the U.S. Settlement House Movement, and, in 1889, she and Ellen Gates Starr co-founded Hull House in Chicago, Illinois, one of the first settlement houses in the United States.
settlement house - A settlement house was an institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided numerous community services such as medical care, child care, libraries, and classes in English.
Americanization - The process of preparing foreign-born residents for full U.S. Citizenship.
cooperatives - Groups that pool members' resources to sell products directly to markets and to buy goods at wholesale prices.
graduated income tax - System in which the rate of taxation varies according to income.
gold standard - The gold standard is a monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal in value to a certain amount of gold.
National Grange - Social and educational organization founded in 1867 to gain more political representation for farmers and improve their living standards.
Interstate Commerce Act - The Interstate Commerce Act was an 1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses.
Mary Elizabeth Lease - Mary Elizabeth Lease was an American lecturer, writer, and political activist, who dedicated most of her political work to supporting temperance and fighting for the basic needs of the working class.
Bland-Allison Act - 1878 law that required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act - The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was a law passed by congress in 1890 to increase the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month.
Populist Party - The Populist Party, also referred to as the People's party; national political party formed in 1892 that supported a graduated income tax, bank regulation, government ownership of some companies, restrictions on immigration, and shorter workdays.
James B. Weaver - James B. Weaver was a United States politician and member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Iowa as a member of the Greenback Party. He is most famous as the presidential nominee of the Populist Party in the 1892 election.
literacy - The ability to read and write.
assimilation - Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture.
philanthropist - A philanthropist is a person who gives donations to worth causes.
Niagara Movement - Founded in 1905, a group of African Americans that called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood.
yellow journalism - Yellow journalism was a reference to journalism that features scandal-mongering, sensationalism, jingoism or other unethical or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists.
poll tax - A poll tax is a special fee that must be paid before a person can vote.
grandfather clause - Passage in a law that exempts a group of people from obeying the law if they had met certain conditions before the law was passed.
segregation - Segregation is the separation (forced or unforced) or isolation of a race, class, or group.
Jim Crow - Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes, beginning in the 1870s, that required segregation of public services by race and that placed restrictions on civil rights for African-Americans.
Plessy v. Ferguson - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), was a landmark United States Supreme Court upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public places under the idea of "separate but equal".
lynching - An execution organized and performed by a mob/group without adequate reasons, nor process. Hangings have been the most common forms of lynching in American history.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - Organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism, and to gain civil rights for African Americans.
department store - Large retail establishment that carries a wide variety of goods and sells in large quantities.
rural free delivery - Program established in 1896, free delivery service offered by the U.S. Post Office to farm families in rural areas.
mail-order catalog - Printed material advertising a wide range of goods that can be purchased by mail.
freedom of contract - Freedom of workers to negotiate the terms of their employment.
closed shop - A workplace in which the employer by agreement hires only union members.
socialism - A socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to the control by the community for the purpose of achieving social and economic equality; usually associated with the means of production being controlled by the government.
open shop - An open shop is a place of employment in which a person does not have to join a union as a condition of hiring or continued employment.
Florence Kelley - A reformer from Philadelphia who worked for numerous political and social reforms.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire was a 1911 incident that resulted in the deaths of some 140 garment workers; led to increased safety regulations for businesses.
Rose Schneiderman - Prominent United States labor union leader and socialist of the first part of the twentieth century.
Muller v. Oregon - (1908) Supreme Court case that upheld protective legislation for female workers in Oregon.
Samuel Gompers - Samuel Gompers was an American labor leader and the founder of the American Federation of Labor.
International Ladies' Garment Workers Union - The International Ladies' Garment Workers Union(ILGWU) was an influential union established in New York City in 1900 to organized workers in sewing shops.
prohibition - Complete ban on the manufacture, sale and distribution of alcohol.
Lawrence Veiller - Lawrence Veiller is credited with inducing the passage of the Tenement House Law of 1901, which outlawed further construction of dumbbell tenements, provided bathroom facilities for each apartment, required greater open space, and implemented strict fire-codes.
Daniel Burnham - American architect and urban planner. He was the Director of Works for the World's Columbian Exposition and designed several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Building in New York City and Union Station in Washington D.C.
Woman's Christian Temperance Union - Also known as WCTU; reform organization that led the fight against alcohol in the late 1800s.
Billy Sunday - Noted first as a professional baseball player, and then more famously as an evangelist.
Frances Willard - American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist.
Eighteenth Amendment - (1919) Constitutional amendment that barred the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the United States; repealed in 1933)
W.E.B. Du Bois - W.E.B. DuBois was an African-American who was the most prominent intellectual leader and political activist on behalf of African Americans in the first half of the twentieth century.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - Group founded by W.E.B. Du Bois and others in 1909 to end racial discrimination.
National Urban League - Group founded in 1991 to fight for racial equality.
Federal Reserve Act - (1913) Act that created a national banking system to help the government control the economy.
Clayton Antitrust Act - (1914) Law that clarified and strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by clearly defining what a monopoly or trust was.
Federal Trade Commission - (FTC) Commission established in 1914 to investigate corporations and to try to keep them from conducting unfair trade practices.
Adamson Act - Federal law reducing the workday for railroad workers from 10 to 8 hours with no cut in pay.
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act - (1916) Law that outlawed the interstate sale of products produced by child labor; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1918.
National American Woman Suffrage Association - Group formed in 1890 to win the vote for women and promote women's equality in society.
Alice Paul - American suffragist leader. Along with Lucy Burns (a close friend) and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in granting the right to vote to women in the U.S. federal election in 1920.
Carrie Chapman Catt - American women's rights activist.
Nineteenth Amendment - Constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote in 1920.
imperialism - Quest for colonial empires.
subsidy - A subsidy is a grant of money from the government to a person or a company for an action intended to benefit the public.
spheres of influence - A Sphere of influence is an area in which an imperial or foreign power has exclusive rights.
Henry Cabot Lodge - American statesman and Republican politician, and noted historian.
Alfred Thayer Mahan - Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States Navy officer, geotrategist, and educator, widely considered the world's foremost theorist of military sea power.
Kalakaua - Kalakaua was the last reigning king of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Liliuokalani - Liluokalani was the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, before Hawaii became part of the United States in 1989.
John Hay - John Hay was an American statesman, author, journalist, and private secretary and assistant to an Abraham Lincoln; he also served as Secretary of State at the turn of the 20th century.
Open Door Policy - The Open Door Policy was an 1899 Declaration made by Secretary of State John Hay that stated that all nations should have equal access to trade and investment in China.
Boxer Rebellion - (1900) Revolt in which Chinese nationalists known as Boxers attacked foreigners in order to end forcing involvement in China's affairs; put down by an international force after two months.
Porfirio Diaz - Porfirio Diaz was a Mexican was hero and President (later considered a dictator), who ruled Mexico from 1876 until 1911.
Emiliano Zapata - Emiliano Zapata was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz that broke out in 1910. He is considered to be one of the outstanding national heroes of Mexico.
Francisco Madero - Francisco Madero was a revolutionary who served as President of Mexico from 1911 to 1913.
Mexican Revolution - The Mexican Revolution was a struggle to end dictatorship that led to years of instability in Mexico in the early 1900s.
Victoriano Huerta - Huerta was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico in 1913.
Venustiano Carranza - Carranza was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted.
Francisco Pancho Villa - Francisco "Pancho" Villa was one of the foremost leaders and best known generals of the Mexican Revolution, between 1911 and 1920, and provisional governor of the Mexican state of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914.
John J. Pershing - John J. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I and was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States army forces in Europe during World War II, including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, and George S. Patton
U-boat - A U-boat is a German submarine.
Sussex pledge - Germany promised to alter their naval and submarine policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and stop the indiscriminate sinking of non-military ships. Instead, merchant ships would be searched and sunk only if they contained contraband and only after passengers were safely off the ship.
Zimmermann note - The Zimmerman note was a telegram sent by Germany's foreign secretary in 1917 to Mexican officials proposing an alliance with Mexico and promising United States territory if Mexico declared war on the United States.
autocrat - Ruler with unlimited power.
Russian Revolution - Collapse of the czar's government in Russia in 1917, after which the Russian monarchy was replaced with a republican government.
Selective Service Act - A Selective Service Act is a law requiring all males in a designated age range to register for military service.
American Expedition Force - Also known as the AEF, this term refers to American troops in Europe that kept a separate force from the French and British troops.
convoy - Group of unarmed ships surrounded by a ring of armed naval vessels.
zeppelin - A zeppelin was a gas filled balloon, a German floating airship.
armistice - Agreement to end fighting in a war.
genocide - Organized killing of an entire people.
flapper - Flapper is a 1920's term used to describe a new type of young woman; rebellious energetic and bold.
demographics - The statistics that describe a population, such as data on race or income.
barrio - A Spanish-speaking neighborhood.
bootleggers - Term used to describe a supplier of illegal alcohol during Prohibition.
speakeasies - Speakeasies were bars (or nightclubs) that operated illegally during the time of Prohibition.
fundamentalism - Set of religious beliefs including traditional Christian ideas about Jesus Christ; the belief that the Bible was inspired by God and does not contain contradictions or errors and is literally true.
Scopes trial - The Scopes trial, also called, the "Monkey Trial", was a 1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools.
communism - Economic system in which all wealth and property are owned by the state.
Red Scare - The suspicion of widespread infiltration by communists and fears of communist influence on U.S. society.
isolationism - Isolationism is a purposeful refusal to become generally involved in the affairs of the rest of the world.
disarmament - Reduction of this size of a country's military.
quota - A numerical limit.
Teapot Dome Scandal - Teapot Dome Scandal was a scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money.
Kellogg-Briand Pact - A pact signed in 1928 by the United States and 14 other nations that outlawed war, except for self defense.
consumer economy - An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by consumers.
installment plan - A payment plan that allows customers to make payments at set intervals over a period of time until the total debt is paid.
Gross National Product (GNP) - The sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year.
assembly line - Manufacturing process in which each worker does one specialized task in the construction of the final product.
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